ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of ventilator circuit change frequency on ventilatorassociated pneumonia (VAP).MethodsMeta-analysis of effects of ventilator circuit change frequency on VAP was conducted with study-level data from 1995 to 2010 in Pubmed,Embase,Web of Science databases.ResultsNine articles were included (sample size:20 326 mechanically ventilated patients).Analysis of six articles showed that the incidence of VAP in ventilator circuit change every 2 or 3 days was 4.05％,while 3.65％ in ventilator circuit change every 7 days.Compared with change ventilator circuit every 2 or 3 days,the risk ratio (RR) of VAP in weekly changes was 0.77 [0.54,1.09] ( P =0.14 ).Analysis three articles showed that compared to ventilator circuit change every 7 days with 15.89％ incidence of VAP,the incidence of VAP in circuit change more than 14 days was 14.9％,and RR was 0.98 [0.69,1.39](P =0.91 ).ConclusionsRegular ventilator circuit change frequency in various intervals can't difference in the incidence of VAP in mechanical ventilation patients.

Air ; analysis ; Chlorpyrifos ; analysis ; Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Workplace

0.05). The levels of ET-1 increased significantly in 1 h after CPB (P0.05). Conclusion The priming fluid with dexamethasone and aprotinin could inhibit the CBP-induced IL-6, TNF-?releasing, but have no such effects on ET-1, TXB 2 and 6-Keto-PGF 1? .

Objective To study the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) adjustment after recruitment maneuver during acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) especially in the presence of tonic diaphragm electrical activity (Tonic EAdi) in order to obtain optimum PEEP and in turn to get successful oxygenation.Methods Rabbit model of ARDS was nade by intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid.After sufficient recruitment maneuvers,the rabbits were randomly (random number) divided into two groups,namely Tonic EAdi group ( n =5 ) and maximum oxygenation group ( n =5 ).In Tonic EAdi group,the regulation of PEEP was guided by Tonic EAdi.In maximum oxygenation group,PEEP was adjusted as per maximum oxygenation.The differences in magnitude of PEEP,pulmonary mechanics,gas exchange and hemodynamics were compared between two groups.The t-test was used to compare continuous variables between the two independent samples,and the difference was statistically significant when P ＜ 0.05.Results (1) PEEP:The PEEP was (10.7 + 1.4) cmH2O (1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa) in Tonic EAdi group and (10.0 ± 2.8) cm H2O in maximum oxygenation group (P ＞ 0.05). (2) Pulmonary mechanics:After PEEP adjustment,there was no significant difference in tidal volume ( Vr),peak pressure (Ppeak) and mean pressure (Pmean) between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05 ).(3) Gas exchange:After PEEP adjustment,there was no significant difference in oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) and partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide ( PaCO2 ) between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Tonic EAdi could be a good indicator for regulating PEEP in ARDS.

Objective To explore the diagnosis and surgical treatment experience of vascular ring in infants and children.Methods Fourteen cases (9 boys and 5 girls,aged 2 months to 6 years,weighted 4.5 - 15.0 kg) with vascular ring were diagnosed and treated surgically in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from Sep.2009 to Dec.2010.All children underwent X-ray,echocardiography and spiral computed tomography examination preoperatively.Bronchoscopy and barium swallow was performed in 5 cases respectively.The pathological types of vascular rings included double aortic arch in 1 ( 7.1％ ),pulmonary artery sling in 7 (50.0％),right aortic arch with left patent ductus arteriosus or persistent left ligament in 6 (42.9％).Associated cardiac anomalies were present in 7 (50.0％) patients.Tracheal stenosis of different length ( 12％ -62％ ) and severity (45％ -74％ cross-sectional luminal narrowing) was observed in the group.Barium swallow in 5cases showed localized compression of the esophagus.12 cases underwent repair of vascular ring with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB),and the associated congenital heart defects were repaired simultaneously.2 cases of right aortic arch with left patent ductus arteriosus or persistent left ligament underwent surgery without CPB.Results The median duration of CPB in 12 cases and aortic cross-clamp time in 7 patients were 77.5 minutes ( range:55 - 186 minutes) and 36 minutes ( range:22 - 110 minutes) respectively.The median duration of postoperative ventilation and ICU stay were 21 hours (range:7 -308 hours) and 79.5 hours (range:16-314 hours) respectively.One baby with pulmonary artery sling died on the postoperative 12th day ( in-hospital mortality 7.1％ ).Of the 13 cases discharged from the hospital,1 case were lost to follow up.In the follow-up ( 1- 15 months) of 12 cases,digestive symptoms were disappeared.Development,exercise tolerance and symptoms showed obvious improvement,although 5 (41.7％) patients had residual respiratory problems.Conclusion Prolonged or recurrent aerodigestive issues in children should alert the pediatrician to the possibility of a vascular ring.Multislice spiral CT scanning is the best imaging modality.All vascular rings should be surgically corrected,and the associated long-segment severe tracheal stenosis needs.The short to midterm outcomes of surgical division are excellent.

This study is to explore the amelioration of piperine on chronic acute combining stress rat with depression-like behavior, visceral sensitivity, and its effect on the expression of serotonin (5-HT) and synaptophysin. Forty two SD rats were divided into seven groups: blank group, model group, piperine (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mgkg-1, ig) and imipramine (10 mgkg-1, ip) groups. The rat model of irritable bowel syndrome was established by chronic acute combining stress, and then to evaluate depression-like behavior and visceral sensitivity. The expressions of 5-HT and synaptophysin in the hippocampus and colon were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Western blotting, respectively. The duration of immobility of IBS rat in the forced swimming test had been significantly increased, the sucrose consumption of IBS rat had been reduced and visceral sensitivity was obviously elevated in the IBS model group as compared with those in the normal control group (P<0.05, P<0.01). As compared with those in the normal control group, the expression of 5-HT significantly decreased, 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio significantly increased in the hippocampus of IBS model group (P<0.05), but opposite presentations were noted in the colon (P<0.05). As compared with that in the normal control group, the synaptophysin expression in the hippocampus decreased significantly but obviously increased in the colon (P<0.05). Piperine improved the behavior of IBS rats, and reversed the levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA, and 5-HIAA/5-HT proportion in the hippocampus and colon (P<0.05); besides, they significantly reverse the synaptophysin level in the hippocampus and colon (P<0.05). The presence of depression and visceral sensitivity had been changed in IBS rats, with abnormal expression of 5-HT and synaptophysin in the brain-gut system. Piperine can ameliorate the changes of the behavior and regulation of serotonin and synaptophysin expression in IBS rat model.
Alkaloids ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Benzodioxoles ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Colon ; metabolism ; Hippocampus ; metabolism ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ; metabolism ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Male ; Motor Activity ; drug effects ; Piper nigrum ; chemistry ; Piperidines ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polyunsaturated Alkamides ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serotonin ; metabolism ; Synaptophysin ; metabolism

Objective Analysis the influence risk factors of infants and young children tetralogy of Fallot for radical treatment , and explore the perioperative treatment methods .Methods 195 cases(include death group and survival group)of hospitalized data of TOF resection in this hospital were collected in January 2003 to November 2012 ,then statistical analysis was done .Results Uni-variate analysis of variance showed ,age ,weight ,McGoon ratio ,cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic clamping time were statisti-cally significant in two groups ,Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed McGoon ratio <1 .0 ,cardiopulmonary bypass time>90 min ,aortic clamping time>70 min ,age<3 months were related to the postoperative death of TOF radical operation .Conclu-sion It is safe and reliable of radical surgery in infants and young children ,McGoon ratio ,cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic clamping time ,age are the risk factors of the postoperative death of TOF radical operation .

Objective To review the experience of modified sternal elevation in management of pectus excavatum deformities. Methods A retrospective study was carried out on 268 children with pectus excavatum deformities from January 2002 to December 2005.Of these patients,213 were boys and 55 were girls.Their age ranged from 2 to 16 years and 2 months[mean,(4.48?2.74) years)].Among then,69 cases were aged from 2 to 3 years,130 cases from 3 to 6 years and 69 cases over 6 years.268 patients with PE underwent modified sternal elevation and fixation with the home made stainless steel strut.The lung cysts,esophageal hatal hernia and congenital heart diseases were surgical treated simultaneously.Results There was no death postoperative.Postoperative compli- cations included pneumonia in 1 case,subcutaneous fluid in 2.the foUow-up period was 1-5 years.One patient was found having light notch in sternum.All patients had satisfactory results.In 165 cases stainless steel strut have been taken off postoperatively and no recurrence occurred.Conclusion The modified sternal elevation procedure for pectus excavatum results in an excellent cosmetic outcome.

OBJECTIVETo study the intervention of astragalus injection in the kidney injury of infants with congenital heart disease after cardiopulmonary bypass, thus providing a new method for protection of the kidney injury in them.

METHODSForty infants undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly assigned to the test group and the control group, twenty in each group. Astragalus Injection (at the dose of 2 mL/kg) was added in the perfusion fluid before giving to infants in the test group before bypass, while the normal saline of the same volume was added in the perfusion fluid before giving to infants in the control group (P < 0.01). The concentrations of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), cystatin C (CysC), and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were detected with ELISA at the following time points, i.e., before bypass (T1), by the end of the surgery (T2), 2 h after surgery (T3), 6 h after surgery (T4), and 24 h after surgery (T5).

RESULTSThe serum CysC concentrations were not significantly higher after CPB (P > 0.05). The urinary NAG level increased significantly in the control group after surgery (P < 0.05), but no obvious increase of the urinary NAG level was found in the test group after surgery (P > 0.05). It was obviously lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). After CPB serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels increased significantly in the control group (P < 0.05), while they were lower in the test group than in the control group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSCPB may result in the renal tubular injury in infants with congenital heart disease. The application of Astragalus Injection before the CPB plays a role in protecting renal tubular functions.

Acetylglucosaminidase ; urine ; Astragalus Plant ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; adverse effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; blood ; drug therapy ; urine ; Humans ; Infant ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Kidney Function Tests ; Male ; Phytotherapy ; Postoperative Period ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

Objective To conduct a microbiological and parasitological investigation of experimental minipigs in Guangdong province. Methods Four major experimental minipig production units in Guangdong province were included in this investigation. Samples were taken from a total of 154 pigs of 4 brreds, i. e. , Bama minipigs, Juema minipigs, Tibet minipigs and Wuzhishan minipigs. Pig fur, scales, serum, rectal swabs and feces samples were collected for detection of 20 pathogens. The data were analyzed and compared among the production units and breeds. Results Mixed infections were detected in all the four institutions. The infection rates of 7 pathogens were rather high: Streptococcus suis type 2 (50. 7%), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (40. 3%), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (100%), Japanese encephalitis virus (41. 3%), porcine circovirus type 2 (74. 8%), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (73. 8%),gastroenteritis virus (44. 7%). Porcine parvovirus (26. 0%), pseudorabies virus(15. 6%) and intestinal worms (3. 2%) were also detected in some animals. The immune qualified rates of classical swine fever virus (62. 8%) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (35. 8%) were rather low. The immune qualified rate of pseudorabies virus was as high as 98. 4%. Besides, Salmonella, Brucella, swine dysentery snake like spirochetes, dermatophytes, influenza virus. Toxoplasma gondii, ectoparasites, and coccidia were not detected. Conclusions The results of this investigation indicate that epidemiological quality control of pathogens in experimental minipigs and efforts to establish high grade minipig population in Guangdong province remain to be strengthened. Our study also provides a basis for revision of local and even national standards for experimental minipigs.