Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; blood ; Male ; alpha-Fetoproteins ; biosynthesis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the commonest chronic liver disease in the world. Overall improvement in public health, active screening of blood products, universal vaccination of hepatitis B have led to drop in incidence of hepatitis B and C worldwide. NAFLD is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome. With rise in overweight status and obesity worldwide, it is not surprising that NAFLD is on the rise. Diagnosis of NAFLD requires confirmation of fatty infiltration in liver, as well as liver damage like elevated liver enzymes and presence of fibrosis. Currently best treatment for NAFLD is weight loss, and the proven method would be dieting with regular exercises. Vitamin E and pioglitazoles are promising medications for treating NAFLD, but each has their shortcoming. Until more studies are conducted, lifestyle modification remains the only reliable way to treat NAFLD. Family physicians also ought to look out for cardiovascular diseases, as well as be vigilant in cancer screening, as NAFLD is associated with higher risks of ischemic heart disease and cancer.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the commonest chronic liver disease in the world. Overall improvement in public health, active screening of blood products, and universal vaccination of hepatitis B have led to a drop in incidence of hepatitis B and C worldwide. NAFLD is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome. With the rise in overweight status and obesity worldwide, it is not surprising that NAFLD is on the rise. Diagnosis of NAFLD requires confirmation of fatty infiltration in liver, as well as liver damage such as elevated liver enzymes and presence of fibrosis. Currently, the best treatment for NAFLD is weight loss, and the proven method would be dieting with regular exercises. Vitamin E and pioglitazoles are promising medications for treating NAFLD, but each medication has their shortcomings. Until more studies are conducted, lifestyle modification remains the only reliable way to treat NAFLD. Family physicians ought to look out for cardiovascular diseases, as well as being vigilant in cancer screening, as NAFLD is associated with higher risks of ischemic heart disease and cancer.

INTRODUCTIONWe describe an unusual case of acute hepatitis leading rapidly to acute liver failure.

CLINICAL PICTUREOur patient had known chronic hepatitis B with a regenerating nodule confirmed on imaging and histology. He was admitted initially for abdominal discomfort after a trip to China, and investigations showed acute hepatitis with alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) at 678 and 557 U/L, respectively. Initial differential diagnoses were acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis B, and viral hepatitis A or E. However, acute Budd- Chiari syndrome was diagnosed on computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen, which showed extensive thrombosis of the hepatic vein, all the intrahepatic branches, inferior vena cava, up to the right atrium.

TREATMENTDue to the extensive nature of the thrombus, radiological or surgical intervention could not be performed.

OUTCOMEThe patient was managed conservatively but progressed rapidly and died of acute liver failure 16 days after presentation.

CONCLUSIONOur case highlights the rapidity of progression of acute Budd-Chiari syndrome. Diagnosis and management of Budd-Chiari syndrome are discussed.

Budd-Chiari Syndrome ; complications ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Fatal Outcome ; Hepatic Veins ; diagnostic imaging ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Liver ; diagnostic imaging ; Liver Failure, Acute ; etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vena Cava, Inferior ; diagnostic imaging

INTRODUCTIONHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic in Asia. Good public knowledge on disease transmission is one way of controlling spread of HBV. We aimed to study the general knowledge on HBV among the general public in Singapore, which is moderately prevalent with HBV.

MATERIALS AND METHODSBefore conducting a public education seminar on liver diseases, a 16-point questionnaire survey was conducted among the participants. Misperceptions (if any) were identified, and factors associated with knowledge score were analysed by multivariate analysis.

RESULTSOne hundred and ninety-two subjects completed the questionnaire. The mean age was 52 years, 78 (41%) were male, 183 (95%) were Chinese, 17 (9%) were known hepatitis B carriers and 73 (38%) had completed college education. The mean knowledge score was 10.7 (out of a maximum of 16). Most misperceptions were in the category of HBV transmission. At multivariate analysis, having college education was the only independent factor associated with a high knowledge score.

CONCLUSIONAlthough HBV infection is moderately prevalent in Singapore, many misperceptions existed among the general public, especially on the mode of transmission. Better education was related to better knowledge of HBV. Further public education should be targeted to clear the misperceptions identified, and be specifically targeted to the less educated.

Female ; Health Education ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Hepatitis B ; transmission ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Singapore ; Surveys and Questionnaires