ObjectiveTo explore the relative factors of the compliance in schizophrenic out-patients.Methods118 schizophrenic out-patients chosen randomly were investigate with the compliance and assessed with Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-SI), Social Disability Screening Schedule (SDSS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) by telephone. Logistic regression analysis was used to confirm the relative factors of the compliance.Results56.8% of all patients were of full compliance. The risk factors of compliance in schizophrenic out-patients were the frequency of medicine taken, the scores of CGI-SI and the insight of the illness. ConclusionIt is important to choose effective and convenient antipsychotic drugs and improve the insight of the illness to enhance the compliance of the schizophrenic out-patients.

The aim of this stud y was to compare the epidermal thinning properties of four corticosteroid ointments applied under occlusion, using histology and histometry. The results were surnmerized as follows: 1.The stratum corneurn was dramatically thinned, appearing as a wispy layer of horny cells as apposed to the norrnal basket-weave configuration. this effect was prominent at sites treated with clobestasol propionate, fluocinonide, and fluocinolone acetonide. 2. With the histometry, visible epidermal thickness wa.s markedly reduced. This effect w is prominent in the following ascending order: fluocinolone acetonide, fluocienonide, clobestasol-17-propionate. Hydrocortisone was the least atrophogenic. 3. Clohestasol-17-propionate and fluocinonide caused significant flattening of dermo-epidermal junction, Fluocinolone acetonide and hydrocortisone caused less pronounced cbanges. 4. Marked capillary dilation af papilly dermis is caused by clobestasol-17-propionate, fluocinonide and fluocinolone acetonide.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones* ; Atrophy* ; Capillaries ; Dermis ; Diethylpropion ; Epidermis* ; Fluocinolone Acetonide ; Fluocinonide ; Humans* ; Hydrocortisone ; Ointments

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effectiveness of anterior debridement,bone graft, and posterior pedicle screw-rod internal fixation in the treatment of lumbosacral tuberculosis.

METHODSFrom January 2005 to June 2012,18 patients with lumbosacral tuberculosis undergoing the surgical treatment by anterior debridement, bone graft, and posterior pedicle screw-rod internal fixation were reviewed retrospectively. There were 12 males and 6 females with an average age of 44 years old ranging from 35 to 67. Among them, 2 cases were simple low back pain,3 cases were low back pain combined with radiating pain of lower extremity and 13 cases were muscle strength hypesthesia. According to Fankle grading,the nerve function was grade C in 3 cases,grade D in 10 cases,grade E in 5 cases. Of these cases,L4.5 was involved in 8 cases,L5 in 4 cases and L5S1 in 6 cases. The lumbosacral angle was 150 to 270 and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 45 to 93 mm/h before treatment. The clinical indexes including the lumbosacral incidence, Frankel grade and ESR were reviewed at follow-up.

RESULTSAll 18 cases were followed up for 14 to 22 months. The mean operation time was 180 min. The amount of bleeding was 400 to 800 ml. Except 1 case with iliac vein injuried and 4 cases with abdominal distension,no spinal injuries and severe relative complication occurred, and neurologic function improved in various degrees. Pain in lumbosacral area and radicular pain in lower extremities disappeared. The X-ray and CT films demonstrated that bony fusion was obtained in all patients during 9 to 13 months postoperatively. The lumbosacral angle and ESR were improved significantly.

CONCLUSIONAnterior debridement, bone graft, and posterior pedicle screw-rod internal fixation is an effective method in dealing with lumbosacral spine tuberculosis.

Adult ; Aged ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Bone Transplantation ; Debridement ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Lumbosacral Region ; injuries ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pedicle Screws ; Retrospective Studies ; Tuberculosis, Spinal ; surgery

Objective To analyze the content validity of Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) for cerebral palsy. Methods Concept contained in each item of GMFM was determined by 3 rehabilitation physicians or therapists who evaluated with GMFM for more than 2 years. All the concepts extracted were discussed in a meeting. The terms finalized were linked to the categories of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Child and Youth version (ICF-CY) by 2 rehabilitation physicians who are familiar with the terms of ICF-CY according to the linking rules after discussion. Third party would intervene informally if there was a disagreement. The distribution of the ICF-CY categories involved were analyzed. Results 88 items from the GMFM linked to 27 categorise of 3rd level within 12 categories of 2nd level, belong to b7 Neuromusculoskeletal and Movement-related Functions and d4 Activities. 86 items linked to d4x, and 47 of then linked to b7x too. 2 items linked to b7x only. 16 items linked to the categories added to ICF-CY 16 times, involved 3 3rd level categories in a 2nd level category. Conclusion GMFM mainly focused on the activities in the framework of ICF-CY, especially the activities of changing and maintaining functional as well as the body posture and walking or moving. For the body function, the GMFM mainly focus on the support from arms.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical efficacy of estrogen in management of postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony.

METHODSTotalling 112 puerperants with postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony were randomly assigned into 2 groups and received routine managements for uterine atony such as uterine massage and uterotonics administration. The puerperants in one group (n=52) was treated with 4 mg estradiol benzoate injected intramuscularly, and the amount of blood loss 2 h after delivery and between 2 and 24 h after delivery was recorded.

RESULTSThere were significant differences in vaginal blood loss at 2 h after delivery between the 2 groups (P<0.05). The puerperants with estrodiol benzoate treatment had blood loss of 589.6-/+226.4 ml at 2 h and 110.8-/+76.2 ml within 2-24 h after delivery, which were both less than those in the control group (864.5-/+359.5 ml and 161.5-/+98.3 ml, respectively). Postpartum hysterectomy was performed in 3 cases of the control group while none in estradiol benzoate-treated group. In the mothers and neonates, no major adverse effects were observed.

CONCLUSIONEstrogen shows cooperative efficacy with uterotonics in stimulating uterine contraction for managements of postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony, and can be of value in clinical application.

Adult ; Delivery, Obstetric ; adverse effects ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Estradiol ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Oxytocics ; therapeutic use ; Postpartum Hemorrhage ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Pregnancy ; Treatment Outcome ; Uterine Inertia ; drug therapy

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of thick-slab single-shot turbo spin-echo (SSTSE)T2 ?-weighted sequence in magnetic resonance fetography (MRF)for fetal abnormalities.Methods 328 of 1 990 pregnant women with the diagnosis of fetal congenital defects on prenatal ultrasound screening or chromosome examination were randomly selected,and 338 fetuses were ob-tained.These fetuses were scanned by conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)and MRF.The diagnostic results from the two MR methods were compared.Results Six hundred and twenty-four lesions were detected by MRF.The primary diagnosis based on conventional MRI was changed for 14 lesions (2.2%).New findings were identified for 48 fetal lesions (8.4%)and 66 ma-ternal lesions.However,78 fetal lesions could not to be identified by MRF.MRF could increase the diagnostic confidence for fetal lesions with high water content (56.1% of the lesions).Conclusion MRF can yield more precise information for fetal extremities, fluid-filled cavities,pathological hydrops and cystic lesions.As an additional aid to the conventional multi-slice T2-weighted se-quence.

PURPOSE: To determine the enhancing patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and the difference of enhancing patterns according to the tumor size, using spiral CT. MATERIALS & METHODS: We reviewed 213 lesions in 76patients who had been clinically or histopathologically diagnosed as HCC sufferer. The tumors were divided into three groups, according to size(&3 cm, 3-5cm and >5 cm). The enhancing patterns of tumor and capsule in the earlyand delayed phase were analysed. The enhancing patterns of the tumor were divided into five types(high, peripheralhigh, mixed, iso and low attenuation) in the early phase and four types(central high, mixed, iso, and low attenuation) in the delayed phase. The enhancing patterns of the capsule were divided into three types such asiso, low and high attenuation. RESULTS: High attenuating lesions in the early phase were as follows : below 3cm 72% ; 3-5cm., 60% ; above 5cm., 49%. Mixed attenuating lesions in the early phase were as follows : below 3cm., 1%; 3-5cm., 22% ; above 5cm., 36%. Thus, most HCCs were high attenuation type in the early phase, but as the tumorbecame larger, less high attenuation and more mixed attenuation was demonstrated(p<0.01). There was no difference of enhancing patterns according to the tumor size in peripheral high, iso and low-attenuating lesions. In the delayed phase most of the hepatomas appeared as totally hypodense lesions. For capsules, the results were as follows : below 3cm., 20% ; 3-5cm.,58% ; above 5cm., 73%. As the tumors became larger, more capsules were demonstrated(p <0.01). The capsules were visualized as iso or low attenuating rim in the early phase and high attenuating rim in the delayed phase. CONCLUSIONS: To determine the enhancing patterns of HCC using spiral CT is considered to be helpful in the diagnosis of HCC.
Capsules ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Diagnosis ; Tomography, Spiral Computed*

Thymic carcinoid tumor is a rare mediastinal tumor, which was firstly described by Rosai and Higa in 1972. A carcinoid tumor of the thymus has recently been regarded as a distinct tumor from thymoma, and is probably Kultschizky cell origin. The pathologic diagnosis of thymic carcinoid is made from findings from light microscopy, immunohistochemical studies and electron microscopy. About 50% of thymic carcinoids were seen with endocrinopathies. Recurrences and extrathoracic metastasis are characteristics of thymic carcinoids. Surgical removal of the intial and tumor recurred are considered to be the most effective treatment today. However, the role of the adjuvant radiotherapy and the chemotherapy is still uncertain. Herein we report a case of thymic carcinoid tumor, which was confirmed by operation and pathologic study.
Carcinoid Tumor* ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Mediastinal Neoplasms ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant ; Recurrence ; Thymoma ; Thymus Gland ; Thymus Neoplasms

Purpose of the present study was to find the optimal ovulation induction medicine for the maturation and development of immature oocytes and culture media for 2-cell embryos in the mouse model. ICR female mouse aged 6 to 8 weeks, were stimulated with 5 IU PMSG injection. At 47 to 50 hour post-PMSG injection, ovaries were dissected out and oocytes-cumulus complexes were punctured. The oocyte-cumulus complexes were cultured in media containing various ovulation induction medicine, CC, HMG and Metrodin for 18 hours. Female ICR mice were stimulated with 5 IU PMSG and 48 hours later were injected 5 IU of hCG, then female and male mice were mated. At 48 hour post-hCG injection, oviducts were dissected out and 2-cell embryos were flushed. The 2-cell embryos were cultured in various media, Ham's F-10 media of milli-Q water (3degrees), Ham's F-10 media of HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography, Baxter) water, Medicult media, HTF (human tubal fluid) media for 96hours. The results were as follows. 1. When the oocytes-cumulus complexes were cultured in 10(-9)microgram/ml~ 10(-8)microgram/ml of CC, those were suppressed in meiotic maturation (28.2~ 33.7%). Whereas the oocytes-cumulus complexes were cultured in 10(-7)microgram/ml~10(-4)microgram/ml, these were not effected in meiotic maturation (54.5~72.7%). 2. When the oocytes-cumulus complexes were cultured in 10(-4)microgram/ml~ 10(-1)microgram/ml of Metrodin, those were suppressed in meiotic maturation (35.7~ 41.5%). Meanwhile the oocytes-cumulus complexes were cultured in 10(-7)microgram/ml~10(-5)microgram/ml, those were not effected in meiotic maturation (54.2~ 70.3%). 3. When the oocytes-cumulus complexes were cultured in 10(-5)microgram/ml~ 10(-4)microgram/ml of HMG, those were suppressed in meiotic maturation (48.2~ 50.4%). As being cultured in 10(-7)microgram/ml~10(-6)microgram/ml, increased in meiotic maturation (75.8~80.7%). 4. When the 2-cell embryos were cultured in Ham's F-10 media of milli-Q wats. ( 3degrees), Ham's F-10 media of HPLC (high performance liquid chromatograpy, Banter) water, Medicult media, HTF (human tubal fluid) media, developmental rates to blastocyst and hatching for 96 hour were 50.0%, 45.2%, 71.5% and 95.6%, respectively.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Culture Media ; Embryonic Structures* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice* ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Oocytes* ; Ovary ; Oviducts ; Ovulation Induction* ; Ovulation* ; Urofollitropin ; Water

PURPOSE: We reviewed the treatment results for the patients with locally recurrent rectal carcinoma. The object was to evaluate the treatment outcome and to identify the prognostic factors influencing the survival. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-eight patients with locally recurrent rectal carcinoma treated principally with external-beam radiation therapy between 1982 to 1996 in the Department of Radiation Oncology at Paik and Hanyang Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Of these, 17 patients had initially abdominoperineal resection, 9 had low anterior resection, and 2 had local excision. No patients had received adjuvant radiation therapy for the primary disease. There were 14 men and 14 women whose ages ranged from 31 to 72 years (median age:54.5). Median time from initial surgery to the start of radiation therapy for local recurrence was 11 months (4~47 months). Radiation therapy was given with total doses ranging from 27 to 64.8 Gy (median=51.2 Gy). RESULTS: The median survival was 16.7 months. The 2-year and 5-year survival rates were 20.1%, 4.1% respectively. Upon multivariate analysis, overall survival was positively correlated with duration of intervals from initial surgery to local recurrence (P=0.039). Relief of pelvic symptoms was achieved in 17 of 28 patients (60.7%). Pain and bleeding responded in 40% and 100% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients with locally recurrent rectal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy have benefited symptomatically, and might have increased survivals with a small chance of cure. But, patient were rarely cured (median survival:10 months, 5-year survival:less than 5%). Overall survival was positively correlated with long intervals from initial surgery to local recurrence. Future efforts should be directed to the use of effective therapy for patients with locally recurrent rectal carcinoma and adjuvant therapy for patients with rectal cancer to reduce the incidence of pelvic recurrence.
Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Radiation Oncology ; Radiotherapy* ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome