To provide optimal obstetric anesthetic care, it is essential for the anesthetist to know well the maternal physiological alterations produced by pregnancy, labor and paturition, physiology and pharmacology of the fetal placental complex and how these are altered by analgesics and anesthetics (Bonica, 1972). Recently, the tendency to cesarean section has increased; the cesarean section rate was 8.1. (Lee et al., 1974) and 15% (Dripps et al., 1977). Choice of regional or general anesthesia for cesarean section depends on many factors. As, the paturient is considered to have a full stomach, regional anesthesia is advantageous. However, if the indication is fetal distress or maternal hemorrhage, the necessity for rapid delivery overrides all other considerations. For elective cesarean section the choice of anesthesia largely relates to patients condition and physicans preference, although the somewhat. longer time required for delivery in a repeated cesarean section may indicates regional rather than general anesthesia (Dripps et al., 1977; James et al., 1977). The problem of anesthetic management of cesarean section was fetal depression due to sedatives, analgesics and anesthetics during delivery. In emergency cesarean section, the major problem in general anesthesia is aspiration of gastric contents and in regional anesthesia it is hypotension. Regarding fetal and neonatal depression associated with anesthesia, the effects of general or regional anesthesia or. the neonatal neurobehavioral status have been reported by many authors (Standley et al., 1974; Tronick et al., 1976; Hollmen et al., 1978). Thus we have made a clinical analysis of anesthesia for 300 cases by random sampling among 1725 cesarean sections. including emergency and elective operations, performed from July 1973 to June 1978 in Severance Hospital at Yonsei University College of Medicine. Clinical analysis was made of frequency of cesarean section, age distribution, parity, indication of cesarean section, physical status (A.S.A. classification), premedication, anesthetic method, relationship between Apgar score and the type of anesthesia, relationship between induction to delivery time and one minute Apgar score, time to initial blood pressure drop after spinal anesthesia, blood loss, the methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation of the newborn, perinatal mortality and neonatal neurobehavioral states. The result are as follows: 1) The incidence of cesarean action was 18.4 percent of total deliveries and the tendency is increasing. 2) One minute Apgar score in spinal anesthesia is better than in general anesthesia (0. 01 < p < 0.025). 3) Blood loss in spinal anesthesia (566+/-146 ml) is less than in general anesthesia(796+/-388ml). 4) Blood pressure showed a drop within ten minutes in 83 percent of cases after induction of spinal anesthesia. 5) Perinatal mortality of general anesthesia (3.9%) is more than spinal anesthesia (1.9%). Even though clinical results of spinal anesthesia seem to be more favorable than those of general anesthesia, from the above observation it may be concluded that choice of anesthesia for cesarean section depends on each maternal condition and only one anesthetic method should not be exclusively used.
Age Distribution ; Analgesics ; Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, Conduction ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Anesthetics ; Apgar Score ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Cesarean Section* ; Depression ; Emergencies ; Female ; Fetal Distress ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Hypotension ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Parity ; Perinatal Mortality ; Pharmacology ; Physiology ; Pregnancy ; Premedication ; Stomach

PURPOSE: We experienced a case of ocular motility disturbance with esotropia and hypotropia, following implantation of Molteno to the superotemporal quadrant. METHODS: The patient recovered to orthophoria after removal of implant and fibrotic scar tissue with recession and resection. RESULTS: Multiple complications have been reported in association with Molteno implantation, including hypotony, cataract, choroidal hemorrhage, retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, hyphema, phthisis. However ocular motility disturbances have been documented in only a few cases and never in Korea to our knowledge. Therefore, we report this case with the review of related literatures.
Cataract ; Choroid Hemorrhage ; Cicatrix ; Endophthalmitis ; Esotropia ; Humans ; Hyphema ; Korea ; Retinal Detachment ; Strabismus*

We report a case of metastatic carcinoma of the skin in 62-year-old male who showed multiple nodules on the anterior chest, scalp, face and left axilla for 2 months duration. He suffered from lower abdominal discomfortness for 6 months. Histopathologic findings revealed atypical cell nests and some tubular or glandular formation in the dermis and subcutaneous fat tissue. Material in the lumen showed diastase resistant and PAS positive, and alcian blue positive at pH 2.4, but negative pH 0.4. So it represented sialomucin. We did not find primary site of malignant tumor. In view of clinical and histopathological findings, it was considered to be originated from the large intestine.
Alcian Blue ; Amylases ; Axilla ; Dermis ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Intestine, Large ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Scalp ; Sialomucins ; Skin* ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Thorax

No abstract available.
Pulmonary Atelectasis*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between depression, perceived stress, fatigue and anger in clinical nurses. METHOD: A descriptive survey was conducted using a convenient sample. Data was collected by questionnaires from four hundred clinical nurses who worked at a university hospital. Radloff's CES-D for depression, Cohen, Kamarck & Mermelstein's Perceived Stress Scale, VAS for Fatigue, and Spielberger's STAXI for anger were used. The data was analyzed using the pearson correlation coefficient, students' t-test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 12.0. RESULT: The depression of clinical nurses showed a significantly positive correlation to perceived stress(r=.360, p=.000), mental fatigue(r=.471, p=.000), physical fatigue(r=.350, p=.000), trait anger(r=.370, p=.000), anger-in expression(r=.231, p=.000), and anger-control expression(r=.120, p=.016). There was a negative correlation between depression and age(r=-.146, p=.003). The mean score of depression of nurses, 26, was a very high score and 40.8% of clinical nurses were included in a depression group. The main significant predictors influencing depression of clinical nurses were mental fatigue, trait anger, perceived stress, anger-in expression, and state anger, which explained about 32.7%. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that clinical nurses with a high degree of perceived stress, mental fatigue and anger-in expression are likely to be depressed.
Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; *Anger ; Depression/*psychology ; Expressed Emotion ; Fatigue/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Nursing Staff, Hospital/*psychology ; *Stress, Psychological

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of high dose carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) on the hepatotoxic effect of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) which induces acute hemorrhagic necrosis in liver. Rats were injected intraperitoneally DMN dissolved in physiologic saline by a dose of 40 mg/kg. For changes related to CCI⁴ pretreatment, rats were injected intraperitoneally CCI⁴ dissolved in olive oil by a dose of 0.4 mg/kg, and then injected DMN. The livers were extracted from the rats 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours after CCI⁴ and/ or DMN injection. Liver tissues were examined with light and electron microscopes. The results were summarized as follows; Light microscopic findings: Severe centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis developed from 12 hours after injection of DMN and continued to 120 hours. On injection of DMN after CCI4 pretreatment, Massive necrosis occurred early. But active regenerative changes were produced in 24 hours. In 120 hours, the liver recovered in almost normal appearance. The degree of necrosis in pretreated group was similar to that in DMN injection only, and the time of recovery was faster in pretreated group. Electron microscopic findings: The early change was mainly disorganization of RER in DMN injection, and clumping and vesicular dilatation of ER in injection of CCI4. In pretreatment group, the early change was similar in appearance with CCI4 group, but severer in degree. According to the results, it was revealed that acute toxic effect of DMN was recovered more rapidly in pretreatment group. Thus it was suggested that CCI4 had protective effect in DMN hepatotoxicity.
Animals ; Carbon Tetrachloride* ; Carbon* ; Dilatation ; Dimethylnitrosamine ; Hepatocytes* ; Liver ; Necrosis ; Olive Oil ; Rats

No abstract available.

Annular pustular psoriasis is a rare variant of the generalized pustular psoriasis characterized by annular lesions with rapidly evolving pustules, associated mild toxicity, and rapid response to therapy. We present a case of annular pustular psoriasis in a 17-year-old male, in whom no previous history of psoriasis was found. The skin lesions were characterized clinically by annular to gyrate erythematous lesions with pinpoint pustules near the periphery on both shoulders, upper arms, and back areas. The histology showed large intraepidermal spongiform pustules. Most of the skin lesions disappeared within 1 week with topical corticosteroid cream.

No abstract available.
Aneurysm, Infected* ; Endocarditis* ; Mesenteric Artery, Superior*

40 cases of bile duct carcinoma gathered over a 6-year period at Kosin Medical College were reviewed and theirclinical and cholangiographic findings were as follows: 1. There were 29 males and 11 females (the ratio of men towomen, 2.6:1) ranging from 37 to 74 years of age. The majority (70% of cases) were in 4th & 5th decades. 2.Clinical symptoms and signs: jaundice in 95%, RUQ or epigastric pain in 75%, pruritus in 52.5%, dark urine in 35%,weight loss in 32.5%, fever and chills in 22.5%, clay colored stool in 12.5%, and palpable mass in 12.5%. 3.Lab,findings: elevated serum total bilirubin(above 20.0mg% in 45%, 10.0-19.0mg% in 22.5%, 5.0-9.9mg% in 20%,1.3-4,9mg% in 5%), elevated alkaline phosphatase in 95%. Clonorchiasis were noted in 17.5%. 4. Histologic findingswere adenocarcinoma in most cases. 5. The location of bile duct carcinoma were common hepatic duct in 35%, commonbile duct in 32.5%, porta hepatis in 12.5%, junction with cystic duct in 10% and diffuse form in 10%. 6. In 33cases, PTC or post-operative cholangiographic examination were done. And the most frequent findings weredilatation of the proximal bile duct and abrupt narrowing or complete obstruction of distal lumen. In 27cases(82%), complete obstruction of bile duct was noted. Attempts were made to analyze the type of obstruction:Constricted type in 39%, Nipple type in 18%, round or flat type (smooth or slightly irregular) in 15%, andserratd type in 9%. Incomplete obstruction were noted in 6 cases(18%). Among them, abrupt narrowing of lumen wasnoted in 9% and diffuse narrowing in 9%. 7. ERCP was done in 7 cases. Findings were constricted type in 42.6%,constricted and slightly irregular type in 14.3%, downward convexity in 14.3%, diffuse irregular narrowing in14.3% and intraluminal filling defect in 14.3%.
Adenocarcinoma ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Bile Ducts ; Bile ; Chills ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Clonorchiasis ; Cystic Duct ; Female ; Fever ; Hepatic Duct, Common ; Humans ; Jaundice ; Male ; Nipples ; Pruritus