BackgroundPanax ginseng is one of the most important medicinal plants in Asia. Triterpene saponins(ginsenosides) are the main bioactive compounds in P.ginseng. The present study investigated thegrowth characteristics of ginsenoside content in the leaves and roots of Panax ginseng at differentgrowth stages (from 1 and 4 years). Analysis was P.ginseng leaves and roots indicated the presenceof two ginsenosides (Rg1 and Rb1) content of Rg1 was higher than Rb1.Aim: The main aim of this study was determine by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)ginsenoside Rg1 an Rb1 of P.ginseng grown in Mongolia.Materials and MethodsLeaves and roots of different ages of P.ginseng were collected at October of 2015 in field of Umnugoviprovince, Mongolia. Collected samples were dried and powdered. Samples were extracted with70% EtOH, water saturated butanol and methanol. The extract was filtrated through filter paper(whatman No.42) and evaporated vacuum rotor. The evaporated extract was resuspended with theMethanol. It stored in room temperature and resuspended mobile phase use for HPLC analysis.The two ginsenosides were analyzed using HPLC system of a model (DGU-20A3r Shimadzu) andcolumn was Octadecylsilane 5μm I-150mm, D-4.6mm, detector was UV 204 nm. The sample wasinjected (20μl) and applied gradient elution was as follows British pharmacopeia.ResultsGinsenosides levels were much higher in the 4 ages roots compared with the 1 ages roots.Ginsenoside amounts in P.ginseng organs changed depending on the specific time during thevegetation season the samples were taken. This study found that the highest content of thesemetabolites-2.082% (butanol extract) occurred in the roots. Our study was independently of thevegetation season. These were Rb1 and Rg1, with values Rg1 was 0.7-2.082% and Rb1 was 0.002-0.03%.ConclusionGinsenosides are generally distributed throughout all the parts of the ginseng plant. We found thatthe highest Ginsenoside Rg1 content accumulated during the first year of growth then decreaseduntil four year.

IntroductionA hangover is the experience of various unpleasant physiological and psychological effects followingconsumption of alcohol beverages, which can last for more than 24 hours. Common symptoms ofhangover are headache, gastrointestinal complaints, sweating, hyper-excitability, dry mouth, anorexia,diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue and vertigo. Alcohol or ethanol gets metabolized to an intermediate product,acetaldehyde, by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and then acetaldehyde is converted toacetate by a second enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Acetaldehyde causes toxic effects,such as high pulse, rate, sweating and vomiting. In most people, ALDH metabolizes acetaldehydequickly and effi ciently, so that this intermediate metabolite does not accumulate in high concentrations.Many treatments are described to prevent hangover, shorten its duration, and reduce the severity of itssymptoms, including innumerable folk remedies and recommendations.GoalThis study was conducted to investigate whether anti-hangover preparation has a protective effectagainst acute alcohol induced hangover in Wistar rats.Materials and MethodsMale and female Wistar line rats, weighing 180-210g were used for hangover model or ethanolmetabolism experiment. Rats were administered orally ethanol as 38% aqueous solution with feedingneedle, 1 ml/200g body weight. The anti-hangover preparation was administered 1 hour before ethanolconsumption. Blood was collected from the tail vein for the measurement of serum acetate andacetaldehyde at just before and 8, 16, 24 hour after ethanol administration.Statistical analysis: All value expressed as mean S.E obtained from n number of experiments.ResultFrom this study results summarize that the anti-hangover preparations decreased blood serum acetateand acetaldehyde levels as compared to control. Anti-hangover preparations enhanced acetaldehydeand acetate metabolism.Conclusion: These fi ndings indicate that anti-hangover preparations may exert benefi cial role inthe treatment of alcohol hangover without any toxicity. Therefore, the content of acetaldehyde wasdecreasing and increasing through repeating 8 hours within 24 hours.

Background: Membranous nephropathy (MN) is among the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults. MN is diagnosed in one third of cases of nephrotic syndrome on kidney biopsy. Kidney biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing MN and plays an important role in determining the severity of the disease and in determining treatment decisions and regimens. Therefore, the lack of research on kidney biopsy in Mongolia is the reason for this study. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the pathological features in the kidney tissues of patients with primary membranous nephropathy diagnosed by kidney biopsy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 51 cases of MN diagnosed in kidney biopsies performed at the First Central Hospital of Mongolia (FCHM) over a period of 12 years. Renal function was calculated using the CKD-EPI (2021) formula and classified into the stage of CKD by eGFR. Histopathological findings were examined using 4 light microscopy (LM) stains (Hematoxylin-Eosin, Masson-Trichrome, PAS, and Methenamine silver staining) and 8 immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy stains (IgG, A, M, complement C3, C4, C1q, and kappa, lambda). The study excluded secondary MN based on viral markers, tumor markers, and serological tests. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and STATA 15.0 software, using t-tests, Pearson’s chi-square tests, and multiple group comparisons were performed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis methods. The study design was approved by the Ethics Committee of the MNUMS, Mongolia. (№ 2023/3-07) Results: A total of 305 kidney biopsies performed at the Kidney Center of the FCHM between 2011 and 2023 resulted in the diagnosis of 51 cases of primary MN. The mean age of patients with membranous nephropathy was 40.6±9.3 years, with the oldest age of 65 and the youngest of 22 years, and 36 (70.59%) were male and 15 (29.41%) were female. In the kidney biopsy, the average number of glomeruli was 16.51±7.82 (min-max, 3-54), and by LM, 33.3% showed global sclerosis of glomeruli by hematoxylin-eosin staining, 94.12% showed thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), 31.2% showed double counter staining of subepithelial immune complexes by methenamine-silver staining, 88.24% showed holes in the GBM, and 54.9% showed spike-like changes by Masson-Trichrome staining. IF showed IgG 3+ in 37.3%, 2+ in 39.2%, 1+ in 13.7%, and trace staining in 9.8%, while 74.5% of the cases were positive for C3, 93.1% for kappa, and 79.5% for lambda. LM showed thickening of the GBM (OR 23.5, 95% CI 0.093-0.53, p value= 0.007) and interstitial fibrosis (95% CI 6.98-31.07, p value= 0.003) contributing to the decrease in eGFR. The mean time from the onset of the first symptoms of kidney disease to the time of kidney biopsy was 35.35±61.54 months. Patients who underwent biopsy later (in months) after the diagnosis of the disease had a higher incidence of interstitial fibrosis (74.6 ± 98.43, 95% CI -90.52-20.68, p value = 0.002). Conclusion The histopathological features of MN confirmed by kidney biopsy showed thickening of the GBM in 94.12%, global sclerosis in 33.3%, and holes in 88.2%. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed 100% IgG staining, while C3, kappa, and lambda were positive in 74.5%, 93.1%, and 79.5%, respectively.