INTRODUCTION: Sleep has numerous important physiological and cognitive functions that may be particularly important to elite athletes. Sleep deprivation can have significant effects on athletic performance. However, there are few published data related to the amount of sleep obtained by elite athletes. We investigated sleep patterns of Korean women golfers using sleep-related questionnaires. METHODS: For this study, 98 Korean university women golfers and 46 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. All subjects were asked to complete the self-administered sleep questionnaire consisting of questions about habitual sleep patterns (sleep onset time, sleep latency, awakening time in the morning, day time napping time), exercise habits, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), validation of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). RESULTS: The sleep onset time was significantly earlier (pm 23 : 05 +/- 00 : 52 and 00 : 14 +/- 00 : 51 ; t = 5.287, p < 0.001), the waking time was later (am 07 : 21 +/- 01 : 09 and 6 : 35 +/- 00 : 32; t = -2.715, p = 0.008), the weekday total sleep time was greater (417.77 +/- 78.18 minute and 351.52 +/- 77.83 minute ; t = 4.406, p = 0.001), and the daytime nap time was greater (77.73 +/- 41.28 minute and 20.22 +/- 33.03 minute ; t = 7.623, p < 0.001) in the golf athletes compared to the controls. The PSQI scores were significantly lower, but estimated sleep latency and ESS, ISS, PSS, and BAI scores were not different among the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that Korean university women golfers have good sleep patterns resulting in no difference in sleep-related stress compared to age- and sex-matched control students.
Anxiety ; Athletes ; Athletic Performance ; Female ; Golf ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sleep Deprivation ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Neurologic Examination*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Stroke* ; Walking*

The patient with unilateral or bilateral inverted nipple has both functional and cosmetic impairments. The structural and histopathologic features of inverted nipple are that inverted nipple has less fibromuscular tissue than normal nipple and has short lactiferous duct and dense fibrous tissue. For these reasons, surgical correction of inverted nipple requires release of the short lactiferous ducts and providing the bulkiness under the nipple. We combined the concept of both adding the bulkiness under the nipple and creating a tight neck at its base without sacrificing the duct system. We rotated the bilateral diamond shaped deepithelized dermal flaps around the nipple areolar complex for providing the nipple bulkiness without division of lactiferous duct and reinforced it with the purse-string suture around the dermal flap for providing the stability. This two rotational dermal flap method was applied 12 inverted nipple in 6 patients and followed up for 2 months to 24 months. We have got the satisfactory results in cosmetic and functional aspect without any complication such as sensory change, relapse, and nipple necrosis.
Diamond ; Humans ; Neck ; Necrosis ; Nipples* ; Recurrence ; Sutures

No abstract available.
Thorax*

The variations of the occipital sinus were studied in 50 Korean adult cadavers. The morphology of the sinus was classified into 5 types accordingo to its number and the connection with the marginal sinus. These results were compared with the data of the occipital sinus of bones (Sir and Chung, 1907). And the opening of the occipital sinus in the confluens sinuum was observed. 1. A single small occipital sinus was found in 40%. Single occiital sinus with two large marginal sinuses was observed in 8%. The single sinus with a left marginal sinus (6%) and with a right marginal sinus(4%) were present. Double occipital sinuses were observed in 10% of the cadavers. No occipital sinus was discernible in 32%. 2. There were 39 openings of the occipital sinus including the double sinuses. The occipital sinuses communicated with the confluence sinuum in 35 cases (89.7%), with the straight sinus in 5.1% and with the right or left transverse sinus in 1 case, respectively. The openings in the confluens sinuum were found on the left side(51.3%), on the right side (10.3%) and in the center(28.2%). 3. The diameters of the occipital sinus were variable according to the connection with the sigmoid sinus. 4. The difference was found between the data of the morphological types of the occipital sinus that were studied in cadavers and in dry bones.
Adult* ; Cadaver ; Colon, Sigmoid ; Humans

Two avulsed ears attached by very narrow subcutaneous pedicles were repaired with only cutaneous sutures and showed complete survival. The results showed that the entire auricle could be fully vascularized by just a single small vascular branch. This clinical result is compatible with our previous findings in anatomical study concerning arterial supply of the auricle.
Ear ; Sutures

PURPOSE: To elucidate the mechanism of neoangiogenesis of human retinal pigment epithelium (HRPE) under hypoxia. METHODS: HRPE cells were cultured for 2 and 24 hours in a hypoxic chamber. Expression and production of the angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the anti-angiogenic factor, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Neoangiogenesis was induced by adding culture supernatant harvested from cells exposed to hypoxic conditions. Neoangeogenesis was measured with a tube formation assay that uses ECV 304 cells and with a migration assay that uses human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. RESULTS: Competitive RT-PCR showed that the expression of the PEDF gene in HRPE cells under hypoxic state decreased compared to normoxic state (p<0.01) but the expression of the VEGF gene increased (p<0.01) when exposed to hypoxic conditions. These results corresponded to those of the Western blot analysis which revealed a significant increase of VEGF production (p<0.01) and a decrease of PEDF production (p<0.01). Moreover, the tube formation and migration assays demonstrated that angiogenesis was increased by exposure to hypoxic stress. Taken together, HRPE cells under hypoxic stress produce more VEGF and less PEDF, which lead to neoangiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the subretinal neovascularization that occurs under hypoxic stress might be caused by an imbalance of angiogenesis-related factors in HRPE cells.
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; Anoxia* ; Blotting, Western ; Endothelial Cells ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium ; Retinaldehyde* ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A