Based on the analysis of the status quo and development trends of disaster medicine system abroad along with a summary of the present conditions and inadequacies of the same system in China, this paper proposes to build such a system in Hainan Province. It studied, with reference to the specifics of Hainan Province, the characteristics of such a system in the province, involving such aspects as hospital setup, human resource development, construction of research centers, professional training,management of disease control centers, improvement of the hospital self-rescue system, reliable supply of drugs and medical devices, maintenance of disaster medicine information system, logistics support,improvement of assessment system, establishment of rescue-oriented culture, and psychology crisis intervention and promotions.

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Sepsis is an infection-induced systemic inflammatory syndrome. The immune response in sepsis is characterized by the activation of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways. When sepsis occurs, the expression and activity of many inflammatory cytokines are markedly affected. Xenobiotic receptors are chemical-sensing transcription factors that play essential roles in the transcriptional regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). Xenobiotic receptors mediate the functional crosstalk between sepsis and drug metabolism because the inflammatory cytokines released during sepsis can affect the expression and activity of xenobiotic receptors and thus impact the expression and activity of DMEs. Xenobiotic receptors in turn may affect the clinical outcomes of sepsis. This review focuses on the sepsis-induced inflammatory response and xenobiotic receptors such as pregnane X receptor (PXR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), DMEs such as CYP1A, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4, and drug transporters such as p-glycoprotein (P-gp), and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRPs) that are affected by sepsis. Understanding the xenobiotic receptor-mediated effect of sepsis on drug metabolism will help to improve the safe use of drugs in sepsis patients and the development of new xenobiotic receptor-based therapeutic strategies for sepsis.

Sepsis is currently a major problem and challenge facing the medical community. With rapid development and progress of modern medicine, researchers have put more and more attention on sepsis; meanwhile, the morbidity and mortality of sepsis remains high despite great efforts from experts in various fields. According to updated guidelines, sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Infection is the initial step of sepsis progression, and development from infection to sepsis is a complex pathophysiological process, including pathogen invasion, cytokine release, capillary leakage, microcirculation dysfunction, etc. which finally leads to organ metabolic disorders and functional failure. According to the latest recommended international guidelines of Sepsis 3.0, the presence of infection and SOFA score ≥ 2 are considered as the diagnostic criteria for sepsis, and the 'rescue' measures mainly focus on reversal of organ dysfunction. However, despite nearly two decades of efforts, the 'Save Sepsis Campaign' has not achieved satisfactory results. Emergency medicine is the frontier subject of acute and severe illness which treats patients with acute infections at the earliest. If at this stage, physicians can predict the possibility of sepsis progression from demographic characteristics, localize the pathogen and infection, detect the inflammatory storms by tests of cytokines and evaluate the severity of the infection with more effective clinical scoring system, and then take effective measures to prevent infection from developing into sepsis in high-risk patients, the morbidity and mortality of sepsis in patients with acute infection will be greatly reduced. Based on this situation, Chinese emergency medicine experts proposed the concept of 'preventing and blocking' sepsis, and launched the nationwide 'Preventing Sepsis Campaign in China (PSCC)' nationwide. The main concept is summarized as 'three early and two reduces' which includes early detection, early diagnosis and early intervention during the 'pre-symptomatic' and 'peri-septic' stage in order to reduce the incidence of sepsis and it proposed a new approach for diagnosis and treatment of acute severe infection. This consensus is jointly advocated, discussed and written by four academic associations in the field of emergency medicine and five scholarly publishing organizations. More than 40 experts from fields of emergency medicine, critical care medicine, infectious diseases, pharmacy and laboratory medicine have participated in several rounds of deliberation and finally reached consensus on the criteria of identifying patients with acute infection, taking anti-infective treatments, screening of high-risk patients with sepsis, detection and treatment of inflammatory storm, protection of vascular endothelial cells and the regulation of coagulation function, as well as strategies of liquid support and organ function protection etc. The consensus summarizes the commonly used clinical diagnosis criteria and treatment measures of sepsis both in Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine for clinicians in order to provide evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Objective:To introduce how to quickly set up a doctor team to achieve efficient treatment of batchs COVID-19 patients in Changchun GongTi shelter hospital.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the basic situation of the doctors who supported the Changchun Gongti shelter hospital. The workload is the total number of patients from April 3 to 28, 2022. At the beginning of the task, the first week and the third week of the task, the five point scoring method was used to reflect the doctor's physical and mental state, stress state and rescue achievement. The time phased scheduling and disease grading management were fully implemented after 10 days of operation in the shelter. The doctors' ward round efficiency and self scoring changes before and after the implementation of the plan were compared, and the rescue results were summarized.Results:Total of 56 doctors (the Sichuan medical assistance team to Changchun), who undertook the work of Changchun Gongti shelter Hospital, came from 12 professional departments of 14 hospitals. By internal and external linkage-time phased scheduling and information-based patient zoning and grading management, the admission time of batch patients was shortened from (14.64±10.09) min to (6.80±5.10) min per person( P<0.05), the number of patients that each doctor can view per hour ranges from (28.50±12.26) to (68.43±19.95) ( P<0.01). A total of 1 293 patients were treated. There were no deaths, no accidents and no mild illness to severe illness in shelter hospital. 35 doctors completed a continuous survey. Before and after the implementation of those measures, the average physical state scores and the psychological state scores of doctors improved ( P=0.03), the self-score of stress feeling decreased ( P<0.01), and the self-score of professional achievement increased ( P<0.01). Conclusions:To adapt to the characteristics of emergency treatment for batch COVID-19 patients, the internal and external linkage-time phased scheduling and information-based patient zoning and grading management could help the temporarily convened doctors deal with a large number of patients efficiently, reduce work stress and exposure risk in shelter hospital.

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global public health emergency on 31 January 2020. Emergency medicine procedures in Emergency Department should be optimized to cope with the current COVID-19 pandemic by providing subspecialty services, reducing the spread of nosocomial infections, and promoting its capabilities to handle emerging diseases. Thus, the Chinese Society of Emergency Medicine and Wuhan Society of Emergency Medicine drafted this consensus together to address concerns of medical staffs who work in Emergency Department. Based on in-depth review of COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment plans, literatures, as well as management approval, this consensus proposes recommendations for improving the rationalization and efficiency of emergency processes, reducing the risk of nosocomial infections, preventing hospital viral transmission, and ensuring patient safety.

Xiyanping injection, a traditional Chinese medicine injection made of andrographolide sulfonate, consisting of well-defined ingredients with antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic efficacy, has been widely used for treating infectious diseases of respiratory and digestive systems. However, its wide applications may easily lead to unreasonable clinical medication. In order to guide the precise clinical application and rational use of Xiyanping injection, experts in related fields conducted systematically literature review, evaluated and deliberated the application of Xiyanping injection in treating acute infectious diseases using evidence-based medicine method, and jointly drafted the consensus to summarize types of acute infectious diseases in children and adults that can be treated with Xiyanping injection, and recommend the intervention time, usage and dosage, course of treatment and combined medication of the injection. Besides, the consensus elucidates the safety, precautions and contraindications of the injection, so as to provide guidance for clinical use.