Human health is seriously threatened by malignancies.Early diagnosis could effectively reduce tumor mortality and improve prognosis.It remains an urgent need and difficult to evaluate the clinical application and discover more efficient diagnostic markers.The rapid development of various technology platforms, in particular the next-generation sequencing technology and translational medicine , plays crucial roles in the progress of tumor markers at the level of protein , DNA and RNA.With the development of basic researches and advances in clinical validation , and based on the prospective multicenter study , the establishment of tumor diagnostic strategy on different groups will be possible.

The check methods of thyroid nodules include palpation,serum thyroid hormone and high-frequency ultrasound.When the diagnosis is difficult,fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is carried to differentiate benign and malignant nodules.In clinical practice,approximately 20％ of FNA-derived cytology reports can not meet the standard of benign or malignant.Some specific molecular biomarkers are applied to the derivative detection of FNA,which achieve considerable progress and improve the preoperative diagnostic rate.

The scientific and rational application of diagnostic marker is very important significant in the early detection and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.The emergence of cardiac-specific troponin and the development of high assays make it possible for early noninvasive diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.The Natriuretic peptide used for the diagnosis of heart failure is a new cornerstone in the history of cardiac markers development.The future trends in new methodology development may find more potential new early markers and predictive factors,which could bring in new prospects for the early diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases,but also more challenges for clinicians and laboratory physicians.

Objective To study the characteristics of IL-1B-31/-511 single nucleotide polymor-phisms (SNPs) and the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in intron 2 of the IL-1ra gene (IL-1RN) in patients with HCV-related liver diseases .Methods The concentration of IL-1βand IL-1ra in serum sam-ples was measured by ELISA assay .The SNPs of IL-1B gene (-31C/T,-511C/T) from 310 cases with HCV infection and 324 unrelated healthy controls were determined by using gene chip analysis , and the results for some randomly selected specimens were compared with those by using polymerase chain reaction -restriction fragment length polymorphism ( PCR-RFLP) assay.The VNTR polymorphism of IL-1RN intron 2 was ana-lyzed by PCR-RFLP assay.The serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), an indicator of hepatocellu-lar injury, was detected by ROCHE cobas 8000 analyzer.HCV replication was measured by using specific fluorescence PCR .The genotypes of HCV were determined by direct nucleotide sequencing test .Results Compared with control group, the serum level of both IL-1β[(22.6 ±7.3) vs (13.7 ±4.2)] pg/ml and IL-1ra [(286.30 ±55.10) vs (185.55 ±48.32)] pg/ml were significantly increased in patients with HCV infection ( P<0.01 ) .There were two predominant genotypes identified among 310 patients including HCV 1b (75.5%) and HCV 2a (22.3%).The serum level of IL-1βand IL-1ra in IL-1B-511T carriers from four groups including case group , mild and moderate Hepatitis C group , severe Hepatitis C , and cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) group were significantly higher than those from IL-1B-511CC carriers and control group (P<0.05).The ratio of IL-1ra to IL-1βin all IL-1B-511T carriers with HCV infection were lower than those from healthy controls (P<0.05).IL-1B-511T carriers with HCV genotype 1b infec-tion showed a higher serum level of IL-1βas compared with those with HCV genotype 1a infection ( P<0.05).Compared with control group, they also showed an increase in IL-1ra level (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the serum level of IL-1βamong IL-1B-511CC carriers from each group ( P>0.05).The frequency of IL-1B-511TT genotype (P<0.05, OR=1.55, 95% CI =1.10-2.18) and IL-1B-511T allele (P<0.05,OR=1.31,95% CI=1.05-1.63) in patients with HCV infection were signifi-cantly higher than those in healthy controls .IL-1B-511C/T SNP showed a significant association with the outcomes of HCV infection (P<0.005).Compared with IL-1B-511CC and IL-1B-511CT, IL-1B-511TT was a major risk factor for mild and moderate Hepatitis C [ OR=2.17 ( 1.48-3.19 ) ] , severe Hepatitis C [OR=2.11(1.05-4.26)], cirrhosis [OR=2.98(1.77-4.99)] and HCC [4.33(2.16-8.67)].IL-1B-511 T allele was significantly associated with mild and moderate Hepatitis C [ 1.80 ( 1.38-2.36 ) ] , severe Hepatitis C [1.80(1.08-3.01)], cirrhosis [2.62(1.76-3.89)] and HCC [3.49(1.96-6.23)].The fre-quency of IL-1B-511T allele showed significant difference among each group (P<0.005).No association was found between any of the other polymorphisms and HCV infection .Conclusion The serum level of IL-1βand IL-1ra were significantly associated with HCV infection .IL-1B-511T allele in patients with HCV in-fection up-regulated the serum level of IL-1β.IL-1B-511TT and IL-1B-511T allele were major risk factors for mild and moderate Hepatitis C, severe Hepatitis C, cirrhosis and HCC, but IL-1B-511CC/C had oppo-site effects.

Objective To observe the effects of road transport on hematological and biochemical parameters in New Zealand rabbits.Methods A total of 12 healthy New Zealand rabbits were selected for 2 h road transport.Blood samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after transport, respectively.White blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (MCV), mean erythrocyte hemoglobin content (MCH), mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelets (PLT) were measured using a blood analyzer.Blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin (ALB), total protein (TP), urea nitrogen (UREA), creatinine, uric acid (UA), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (COHL), glucose (GLU), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), α-amylase (AMYL), and creatine kinase (CK) were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer.Results Compared the parameters before and after transport, The WBC count was increased first (P< 0.05 or P < 0.01) and then decreased after transport, the levels of RBC, HGB, HCT and PLT were decreased first (P< 0.05 or P < 0.01) and then increased after transport, and MCV was significantly high at 96 h after transport (P< 0.05).Among the clinical biochemical parameters, ALT, AST and BUN were firstly elevated (P< 0.05 or P < 0.01) and then decreased.TP, ALB as well as CREA and TG were firstly decreased (P< 0.05 or P < 0.01) and then increased.GLU was significantly low at 24 h after transport (P< 0.05).All parameters except MCV at 96 h after transport were not significantly different from those before transport.Conclusions Changes of blood routine, liver and kidney function indexes, lipid metabolism indexes, glucose metabolism index and creatine kinase index are observed in the New Zealand rabbits after 2-hour road transportation, and all the indicators except MCV return to pre-transport levels within 96 h.

Objective To investigate the function and clinical significance of platelet-derived microparticles (PMP), glycoprotein(GP)Ⅱb-Ⅲa, PagT and blood-lipid in whole blood of patients with cerebro-thrombotic diseases before and after treatment. Methods The quantity of PMPs, activation ratio of GPⅡb-Ⅲa and PAgT were measured before and after treatment of cerebro-thrombotic patients by using flow cytometry and platelet adhesion instrument. Blood-lipid concentration was measured by automatic-biochemical analyzer. Results PMP, GPⅡb-Ⅲa , PAgT, TC, TG, and LDL were (223?54)/10 4 Plt, (77.98?14.22)%, (69.78?16.93) %, (5.12?0.85) mmol/L, (1.78?0.28) mmol/L, and (3.49?0.66) mmol/L respectively before treatment; and were (136?18)10 4Plt, (40.71?11.64) %, (58.12?12.51)%, (4.84?0.73) mmol/L, (1.43?0.33) mmol/L, and (3.03?0.62) mmol/L,respectively in the treatment group. These parameters were significantly decreased than that before treatment (P

OBJECTIVE:To assess the clinical efficacy and safety of domestic sparfloxacin for acute bacterial infections.METHODS:Domestic literatures about sparfloxacin for acute bacterial infections were retrieved by computer and their quality was evaluated to extract data(1993～2009).RevMan 4.2.2 software was used for Meta-analysis.RESULTS:A total of 10 RCT were enrolled.The comparisons of 2 groups were homogeneous in terms of clinical cure rate,clinical response rate,bacterial clearance rate and safety.There was statistical significance in comparison of combined effect variable between 2 groups in respect of cure rate,response rate and bacterial clearance rate(P0.05).CONCLUSION:The currently available evidence shows that clinical efficacy of domestic sparfloxacin for acute bacterial infections is better and incidence of ADR was lower.

Objecfive To investigate the effects of treatment for cerebrovascular disorder patients with heparin and low molecular weight heparin(LMWH) on serum PAPP-A concentrations and provide the basis for evaluating the clinical significance of PAPP-A in the following study.Methods Forty cases with cerebrovascular disease from Qilu Hospital from November 2009 to May 2010 were collected in this study.Blood samples were taken before and after drug administration.All cases were divided into four groups according to situation of medication.Group A consisted of 10 patients who received subcutaneous LMWH anticoagulation therapy, and blood samples were collected before LMWH injection, three hours after subcutaneous LMWH anticoagulation therapy in the first day, the second day and the seventh day and 24 hours after the last injection. Group B consisted of 10 patients who did not receive LMWH therapy, and blood samples were collected immediately after admission, the first day, the second day and the seventh day after admission. Group C consisted of 10 patients with percutaneous carotid intervention who received intravenous heparin at the beginning of stenting, and blood samples were collected from the arterial sheath just before angiography and heparin administration, and at 3, 5, 15, 40 and 100 min after heparin administration. Group D consisted of 10 patients who received carotid angiography but LMWH-free therapy,and blood samples were collected from the arterial sheath just before and after angiography. Serum PAPP-A concentrations were analyzed by ELISA to evaluate the differences of intra-groups and differences at different time points of inter-groups. Results In group A, PAPP-A concentrations were time dependent and elevated gradually from 12. 36 (9. 90-14. 32) mIU/L before LMWH injection to 21.80 (23.50-19.73) mIU/L at the seventh day after injection (M=38. 72, P < 0.01 ). In group C, there was a rapid increase of PAPP-A concentration from 12. 86 ( 9. 67-14. 05 ) mIU/L to 51.56 ( 44. 20-66. 00 ) mIU/L within 5 min after intravenous heparin injection (M=46. 06, P <0. 01 ). The PAPP-A concentration of one week after LMWH administration in group A was 21.80 (23.50-19.73) mIU/L, significantly higher than that in group B [11.81 (9. 21-12. 89) mIU/L] (U<0. O01, P<0.01). The PAPP-A concentration at 15 min after heparin administration in group C was 43.70 (37.70-54. 30) mIU/L, significantly higher than that after angiography in group D [14. 18 (11.25-15. 86) mIU/L] ( U<0. 001, P <0. 01 ). The peak level of blood PAPP-A after subcutaneous LMWH injection was significantly lower than that after intravenous heparin injection. The concentrations in group A and C were 21.80 ( 23.50-19. 73 ) and 51.56 (44. 20-66. 00) mIU/L respectively, and had a significant difference ( U=0. 999, P < 0. 01 ) . Conclusions Both intravenous heparin and subcutaneous LMWH administration induce an increase in serum PAPP-A concentration. The effect of drug should be considered when PAPP-A is selected as an evaluation indicator.

Objective To explore the application value of plasma sHLA-G in diagnosis of CIN and cervical cancer. Methods The plasma sHLA-G levels were detected by ELISA in 102 cases with cervical cancer( FIGO Ⅰ stage 32 cases, Ⅱ stage 28 cases, Ⅲ stage 25 cases and Ⅳstage 17 cases; tumor size:＜4 cm 63 cases and ≥4 cm 39 cases; squamous cell carcinoma 78 cases and adenocarcinoma 24 cases;cell differentiation:well 57 cases, moderate 29 cases and poor 16 cases; lymph nodes metastasis negative64 cases and positive 38 cases ), 72 cases with CIN( Ⅰ grade 21 cases, Ⅱ grade 25 cases and Ⅲ grade26 cases ) and 20 cases of healthy controls. The diagnostic value of sHLA-G and its correlations with clinical parameters were analyzed. Results The plasma levels of sHLA-G were 193.6( 151.3-287.4 ) kU/L in cervical cancer group, 48.3( 34.6-57.2 ) kU/L in CIN Ⅰ group, 91.3( 68.2-118.6 ) kU/L in CIN Ⅱ group, 106.4( 73.8-165.7 ) kU/L in CIN Ⅲ group and 45.2( 38.0-55.5 ) kU/L in health control group.The level of sHLA-G was significantly higher in cervical cancer group than that in CIN Ⅰ group, CIN Ⅱ group, CIN Ⅲ group and healthy control group( U value of 8.832, 6.456, 4.017, 9.873, P ＜ 0.05,respectively ). The level of sHLA-G was significantly higher in CIN Ⅱ group and CIN Ⅲ group than that in CIN Ⅰ group and health control group( U value of 4.361,4.892, 5.139, 5.485, P ＜0.05, respectively ).The levels of SCC Ag in healthy control group, CIN Ⅰ group, CIN Ⅱ group, CIN Ⅲ group and cervical cancer group were 0.43( 0.38-0.69 )μg/L, 0.47( 0.35-0.72 )μg/L, 0.65( 0.53-0.81 )μg/L, 0.82( 0.54-1.03 )μg/L and 1.02( 0.62-1.87 )μg/L. The level of SCC-Ag was significantly higher in cervical cancer group than that in CIN Ⅰ group, CIN Ⅱ group and healthy control group( U value of 7.926, 4.877, 8.132,P ＜0.05, respectively ). The level of SCC-Ag was significantly higher in CIN Ⅲ group than that in CIN Ⅰ group and health control group( U value of 6.574, 6.763, P ＜0.05, respectively ). The levels of CA125 in healthy control group, CIN Ⅰ group, CIN Ⅱ group, CIN Ⅲ group and cervical cancer group were 14.38 ( 6.14-21.82 ) kU/L, 15.42( 6.25-23.53 ) kU/L, 21.34( 9.82-32.58 ) kU/L, 25.69( 14.47-38.71 )kU/L and 27.72( 14.29-43.87 ) kU/L. The level of CA125 was significantly higher in cervical cancer group than that in CIN Ⅰ group, CIN Ⅱ group and healthy control group( U value of 7.564, 4.522, 7.429, P ＜0.05, respectively ). The level of CA125 was significantly higher in CIN Ⅲ group than that in CIN Ⅰ group and health control group( U value of 5.871, 5.435, P ＜0.05, respectively ). ROC curve analysis showed AUC for sHLA-G was 0.828( 95% CI:0.768-0.879 ), which was high as compared with the AUC of SCC-Ag [ 0.727( 95% CI:0.658-0.788 );Z = 2.294, P ＜ 0.05 ] and the AUC of CA125 [ 0.705( 95% CI:0.636-0.769 );Z =2.842 ,P ＜0.05 ]. There was no significant difference of diagnostic efficiency between SCC and CA125( Z =0.672, P ＞ 0.05 ). When cutoff value of sHLA-G was 109.6 kU/L, the diagnostic sensitivity,specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy rate were 86.3%, 76.1%,80.0%, 83.3%, and 78.4%, respectively. The levels of sHLA-G in cervical cancer patients were significantly correlated with FIGO stages and lymphoid node metastasis ( U value of 6.085, 4.451, P ＜0.05, respectively ), while there were no significant differences between the levels of sHLA-G and age,tumor size, histological type and cell differentiation( U value of 1.274, 1.956, 1.268, 2.719, P ＞0.05,respectively ). Conclusions sHLA-G can be used for the early screening of cervical cancer and its precancerous lesion. It could also be used as an index for judging progression and lymphoid node metastasis.

Objective To investigate the expression and the role of Tim-3 and Th-17 in ITP patients and to research their clinical application. Methods Total 42 active ITP patients and 39 healthy donors were recruited in this research. The expressions of Th17 and CD4+ CD25+ Treg were measured with flow cytometer. IL-17, IFN-γ levels as well as IL-4 plasma levels were determined by ELISA. The mRNA expression of Tim-3, IFN-γ, IL-4 and T-bet were measured using RT-PCR in all samples. Results The expression of Th17 cells in ITP patients was (2.41 ± 1.43 )%, which was significantly higher than control group ( 1.08 ± 0.59)% ( t = 5.35, P < 0.05 ). But the percentage of Treg in ITP patients was ( 1.64 ±0.74)%, which was lower than control group (3.12 ±0.52)% (t = 10.33, P <0.05). The levels of IL-17 in plasma of ITP and controls were ( 14.42 ±6.37) ng/L and ( 13.91 ±4.47) ng/L respectively (t =0.42, P > 0.05). The level of IFN-γin plasma of ITP was (55.74 ± 15.25 ) ng/L, which was higher than control group (31.33 ± 12.99) ng/L (t = 7.72, P < 0.05 ). The level of IL-4 in the plasma of ITP was (7.42 ± 1.50) ng/L, which was lower than controls ( 18.17 ± 5.19) ng/L ( t = 12.87, P ＜ 0.05 ). Both IFN-γand T-bet mRNA levels were up-regulated in active ITP patients by the factor ( 8.57 ± 3.44 ) -fold and (3.34 ± 1.32)-fold than control group (t = 13.21,6.41 ,P <0.05). The decreases observed in IL-4 and Tim-3 were (0.25 ±0.15 )-fold and (0.29 ±0.15)-fold respectively in ITP patients compared with control group (t=10.02,9.61,P＜0.05 ). Conclusion The imbalance of Th17/Treg and the decrease of Tim-3 might be important determinants in the evolution of ITP.