Objective To investigate the relationship between autophagy in spinal dorsal horn and development of morphine tolerance in rats.Methods Twenty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,in which intrathecal (IT) catheters were successfully placed,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =8 each):control group (group C),morphine tolerance group (group M) and morphine + rapamycin as a reinforcing agent for autophagy group (group MR).Morphine tolerance was induced with IT morphine 20 μg twice a day for 7 consecutive days.While the equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.In addition,rapamycin 2.3μg was injected intrathecally at the second injection of morphine on 3rd day lasting for 3 consecutive days in group MR.Mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) to yon Frey filament stimulation was measured before IT injection and 30 min after the second IT injection on 1st,3rd,5th and 7th days.The rats were sacrificed 1 h after the last MWT measurement and the L4-6 segment of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the total mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphorylated mTOR(p-mTOR) and autophagy marker protein LC3 Ⅱ expression in spinal dorsal horn by Western blot.The percentage of p-mTOR expression in total mTOR expression was considered as reflection of the activity.Results MWT was gradually decreased with the prolongation of time of IT injection (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group C,MWT was significantly increased during IT injection,mTOR activity was decreased and LC3 Ⅱ expression was up-regulated in groups M and MR (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group M,MWT was significandy increased on 3rd,5th and 7th days after IT injection,mTOR activity was decreased and LC3 Ⅱ expression was up-regulated in group MR (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Increased autophagy in spinal dorsal horn is the regulatory mechanism of the body during the development of morphine tolerance in rats and can delay the development of morphine tolerance.

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that volatile anesthetic enhancement of muscle relaxation is the result of combined drug effects on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The poly A m RNA from muscle by isolation were microinjected into Xenopus oocytes for receptor expression. Concentration-effect curves for the inhibition of Ach-induced currents were established for vecuronium, rocuranium, and isoflurane. Subsequently, inhibitory effects of NDMRs were studied in the presence of the isoflurane at a concentration equivalent to half the concentration producing a 50% inhibition alone. All tested drugs produced rapid and readily reversible concentration-dependent inhibition. The 50% inhibitory concentration values were 889 micromol/L (95% CI: 711-1214 micromol). 33.4 micromol (95% CI: 27.1-41.7 nmol) and 9.2 nmol (95% CI: 7.9-12.3 nmol) for isoflurane. rocuranium and vecuronium, respectively. Coapplication of isoflurane significantly enhanced the inhibitory effects of rocuranium and vecuronium, and it was especially so at low concentration of NMDRs. Isoflurane increases the potency of NDMRs, possibly by enhancing antagonist affinity at the receptor site.
Androstanols/*pharmacology ; Anesthetics, Inhalation/pharmacology ; Drug Synergism ; Isoflurane/*pharmacology ; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents/*pharmacology ; Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects ; Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents/*pharmacology ; Oocytes ; Receptors, Nicotinic/*drug effects ; Vecuronium Bromide/pharmacology ; Xenopus laevis

Objective To observe the effects of hepatitis B virus(HBV)X gene muhifunctional protein(HBx)on the biological characteristics of QSG7701 and the transformational effects on QSG7701 cell.Methods QSG7701 ceils were stably transformed by recombinant plasmid pCMV/X and eukaryotic expressed plasmid pRc/CMV2 by liposome-based assay,respectively.Non-transfeeted QSG7701 cells were employed as controls.The expressions of HBx,c-Myc and Bel-2 proteins in QSG7701 cells were detected by Western blot.MTT colorimetric analysis,flow cytometry and soft agar clone-forming assay were performed tO detect the biolo~dcal activity of cells.Results HBx Drotein was highly expressed in pCMV X/QSG7701 cells.The expression level of c-Myc protein in the pCMV X/QSG7701 cells was much higher than those in the other tWO groups of cells.The expression of Bcl2 protein was detected in the three groups of cells,but the expression levels were similar.Percentage of S stage cells in pCMV X/QSG7701 ceils was significantly higher than those in pRcCMV2/QSG7701 and non-transfected QSG7701 cells E(28.80±2.32)%,(15.5±2.64)%and(21.5±3.66)%,LSD 0.05=3.95%,LSD 0.01=5.47%,P<0.01].While percentage of G1 stage cells in pCMV X/QSG7701 cells was significantly lower than those in pRcCMV2/QSG7701 and non-transfected QSG7701 cells[(62.30±3.85)%,(78.70±4.12)%and(78.10q±4.45)%,LSD 0.05=5.63%,LSD 0.01-7.79 %,P<0.01].The apoptosis rate of pCMV X/QSG7701 cells was much higher than those in pRcCMV2/QSG770t and non-transfected QSG7701 cells[(14.90±1.01)%,(8.91±0.48)%and (4.03±0.47)%,LSD 0.05=O.94%,LSD 0.01=1.31%,P<0.01].The population doubling time of pCMV X/QSG7701 cells was shorter than those in pRcCMV2/QSG and non-trarmfected cells(14 h,29 h,38 h,respectively).The cloning ratio in soft agar of pCMV X/QSG7701 cells WaS significantly higher than those of pRcCMV2/QSG and non-transfected QSG7701 cells[(19.83±1.96)%,(1.76±0.03)%and (1.33±0.18)%,LSD 0.05=1.53%,LSD 0.01=2.11%,P<0.01].Conclusion HBx may transform human non-tumor hepatoeyte QSG7701,which makes the cell growth malignizeA.

OBJECTIVETo study protective effect of ulinastatin on perioperative cardiac function in elderly patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery.

METHODSSixty elderly patients (32 male and 28 female patients) aged 60-82 years scheduled for major gastrointestinal surgery were randomized into ulinastatin group and control group. The patients in ulinastatin group received 2×10(5) U ulinastatin rapidly administered via a intravenous pump immediately before operation with subsequent continuous infusion at the rate of 1×10(5) U until the completion of surgery, and those in the control group received the same amount of saline instead. In both groups, the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and cardiac output (CO) were monitored immediately before surgery (T0) and at 1 h (T1), 2 h (T2) and 3 h (T3) after the start of surgery. The total dopamine dose used was recorded at the end of surgery, and blood samples were collected at T0 and at 6 h (T4) and 12 h (T5) after the operation for determination of serum levels of cTn, CK-MB and BNP.

RESULTSIn both groups, MAP, LVEF and CO were significantly decreased at T2 and T3 (P<0.05) and serum levels of cTn, CK-MB and BNP significantly increased at T4 and T5 compared to those at T0 (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the patients in ulinastatin group showed significantly higher MAP, LVEF and CO at T2 and T3 and lower serum levels of cTn, CK-MB and BNP at T4 and T5.

CONCLUSIONUlinastatin offers effective perioerative cardiac protection in elderly patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cardiotonic Agents ; pharmacology ; Creatine Kinase, MB Form ; metabolism ; Digestive System Surgical Procedures ; Female ; Glycoproteins ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Intraoperative Period ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; metabolism ; Stroke Volume

According to the pulse-wave theory, the authors developed a new non-invasive instrument for measuring arterial elastic function. It collects the pulse waveforms from the arteries of four limbs as well as from the radial arteries of carpus. After signal pre-processing, it calculates the arterial elastic parameters by the pre-prepared algorithm and program. Individual parameters such as pulse wave velocity (PWV), ankle-brachial index (ABI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR)can be obtained. At the same time, a series of clinical trials were conducted with reference to PWV and ABI, which confirmed the validity, accuracy and reliability of the instrument. The instrument can be used to determine the differences between cardiovascular patients and normal persons, as well as the extent of atherosclerosis. At the same time it can reflect the situation of vascular obstruction and screen the peripheral arterial disease. Therefore, it is of some value to the epidemiological study, prevention and early detection of cardiovascular disease.
Aging ; physiology ; Ankle ; blood supply ; Arteries ; physiopathology ; Arteriosclerosis ; physiopathology ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Brachial Artery ; physiopathology ; Elasticity ; physiology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; physiopathology ; Pulsatile Flow ; physiology ; Pulse ; Systole

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that volatile anesthetic enhancement of muscle relaxation is the result of combined drug effects on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The poly A m RNA from muscle by isolation were microinjected into Xenopus oocytes for receptor expression. Concentration-effect curves for the inhibition of Ach-induced currents were established for vecuronium, rocuranium, and isoflurane. Subsequently, inhibitory effects of NDMRs were studied in the presence of the isoflurane at a concentration equivalent to half the concentration producing a 50% inhibition alone. All tested drugs produced rapid and readily reversible concentration-dependent inhibition. The 50% inhibitory concentration values were 889 micromol/L (95% CI: 711-1214 micromol). 33.4 micromol (95% CI: 27.1-41.7 nmol) and 9.2 nmol (95% CI: 7.9-12.3 nmol) for isoflurane. rocuranium and vecuronium, respectively. Coapplication of isoflurane significantly enhanced the inhibitory effects of rocuranium and vecuronium, and it was especially so at low concentration of NMDRs. Isoflurane increases the potency of NDMRs, possibly by enhancing antagonist affinity at the receptor site.
Androstanols ; pharmacology ; Anesthetics, Inhalation ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Drug Synergism ; Female ; Isoflurane ; pharmacology ; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents ; pharmacology ; Neuromuscular Junction ; drug effects ; Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents ; pharmacology ; Oocytes ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; drug effects ; Vecuronium Bromide ; pharmacology ; Xenopus laevis

Objective To research the effect ofparecoxib on hippocampal nerve cell apoptosis and expressions of B cell lymphoma/lewkmia-2 (Bcl-2),Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3 of epilepsy rats.Methods Thirty SD male rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10):control group,parecoxib treatment group and epilepsy group.The rats in the parecoxib treatment group and epilepsy group were injected with 4 mg/kg of parecoxib and same volume of saline,respectively,and 3 d after that,they both were injected intraperitoneally with 3 mmol/kg of lithium chloride,and then,20 h after that,they were injected intraperitoneally with 30 mg/kg ofhydrochloride pilocarpine; while rats in the control group were only injected intraperitoneally with the same volume of saline.The behavior changes of rats in the three groups were observed.After 7 d,terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used to evaluate the neuronal apoptosis and Western blotting was employed to evaluate the expressions of Bcl-2,Bax and caspase-3 in the hippocarnpus of all groups.Results All epilepsy rats were very irritable; spontaneous seizures (SRS) times of precoxib treatment group were significantly reduced as compared with those of epilepsy group (P＜0.05).As compared with those in the control group,the Bcl-2,Bax and caspase-3 expressions and Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the epilepsy group were increased with statistically significant differences (P＜0.05); As compared with those in the epilepsy group,the Bcl-2,Bax and caspase-3 expressions and Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the precoxib treatment group were decreased with statistically significant differences (P＜0.05).As compared with that in the control group,the number of TUNEL positive cells in hippocampus of rats in the precoxib treatment group and epilepsy group were significantly increased (P＜0.05); as compared with that in the epilepsy group,the number of TUNEL positive cells in the hippocampus of precoxib treatment group was statistically reduced (P＜0.05).Conclusion Parecoxib can reduce the apoptosis of hippocampus neurons through inhibiting the protein expressions of Bax and caspase-3 to affect the Bcl-2 protein expression,whose mechanism may be related to the pathways of Bcl-2/Bax and Caspase-3 proteins.

Objective:To investigate the effects of subanesthetic concentration of sevoflurane on the plasticity of dendritic spines in the prefrontal cortex neurons of juvenile rats.Methods:Thirty-six clean-grade male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 24 days, weighing 50-60 g, were divided into control group (group C) and sevoflurane anesthesia group (group S) using a random number table method, with 18 rats in each group.Group S inhaled 1.2% sevoflurane and 50% oxygen (flow rate 1 L/min) for 3 h, while group C inhaled 50% oxygen (flow rate 1 L/min) for 3 h. Open-field test and Morris water maze test were performed at 3 days after anesthesia.Animals were sacrificed, and brain samples were then taken for determination of the number of apoptotic neurons in layer Ⅱ-Ⅲ of the prefrontal cortex, density of dendritic spines, and expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 and gephyrin by TUNEL staining, Golgi staining or Western blot.Results:Compared with group C, no significant change was found in total distance or time of staying at the central region in the open-field test or the average swimming velocity, escape latency or the number of apoptotic neurons in the Morris water maze test ( P>0.05), and the density of dendritic spines was significantly increased, and the expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 and gephyrin was up-regulated in group S ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Subanesthetic concentration of sevoflurane can enhance the plasticity of dendritic spines in the prefrontal cortex neurons of juvenile rats.

OBJECTIVETo determine whether quercetin inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-induced osteogenic differentiation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and understand the underlying mechanism.

METHODSThe calcification of human VSMCs following Ox-LDL treatment was assessed using alizarin red staining and by detecting ALP activity. The mRNA expressions of the bone-related genes including Msx2, BMP2 and Osterix, and the contractile proteins including SMA and SM22a were analyzed using qPCR. The effects of quercetin were investigated on OxLDL-induced VSMC calcification and changes in ALP activity, expressions of Msx2, BMP2, Osterix, SMA and SM22a, ROS levels and SOD activity. The effect of Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) silencing mediated by siRNA transfection on cell calcification, ALP activity, gene expressions and ROS levels were investigated.

RESULTSOx-LDL treatment promoted VSMC calcification and up-regulated TLR4 expression. Quercetin treatment significantly attenuated Ox-LDL-induced VSMC calcification, reduced ALP activity, down-regulated the expression levels of Msx2, BMP2 and Osterix, and up-regulated the expressions of vascular smooth muscle contractile proteins SMA and SM22a. In addition, Quercetin treatment markedly increased SOD activity, reduced ROS levels and TLR4 expression in VSMCs. Silencing TLR4 expression using TLR4 siRNA also significantly decreased calcification of the VSMCs.

CONCLUSIONSQuercetin inhibits Ox-LDL-induced VSMC calcification in VSMCs possibly by targeting the ROS/TLR4 signaling pathway.

Objective To explore the clinico-pathological characteristics and treatment of thyroid carcinoma in patients under 14 years old.Method The clinical and pathological data of 61 children 14 years old or younger treated for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) from Jan 2005 to Dec 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.Results There were 26 males and 35 females with the sex ratio of 1 ∶ 1.35.All the 61 patients underwent surgery including lobectomy for ipsilateral foci in 11 cases and total or near total thyroidectomy for bilateral or multi-foci in 50 cases.5 patients had not lymph node metastasis.56 patients had central compartment metastasis and 47 patients had lateral cervical lymph node metastasis.9 patients had distant metastasis and the affected organ was lung.Pathology for all the 61 patients was thyroid papillary carcinoma,35 patients were of highly invasive subtype.The median follow-up time was 3 years and 6 months (30-116 months) with a total survival rate of 100％ while 4 patients suffered from recurrence.Conclusions For below 14 years old DTC patients,the prognosis is better than in adults.The rate of bilateral lesions or multiple foci in ipsilateral lobe and central compartment lymph node or lateral neck lymph node metastasis was higher than in adults.Furthermore,highly invasively pathological subtype is more common in younger patients.