ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between Candida adhesivity and biofilm formation. MethodsEight Candida strains belonging to 8 species and 1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain were cultured in yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) fluid and agar medium respectively. The flocculation and adhesion of Candida were observed. Candida biofilm models were developed in 96-well microculture plates. The kinetics of biofilm formation was measured. ResultsAll the 9 fungal strains had flocculation capability and could adhere to the surface of the yeast peptone dextrose agar medium. After mild shaking of the fluid medium, it is difficult for C. albicans, C. kefyr, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis to resuspend, but easy for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The adhesivity of C. albicans, C. kefyr, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis was stronger than that of the other Candida strains. Common pathogenic Candida strains could form biofilm, and the metabolic activity of Candida cells in the biofilm increased over time. A significant increment was observed in the ability of C. albicans and C. kefyr to form biofilm compared with the other species(all P ＜ 0.05), and in that of C. tropicalis and C. glabrata compared with C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. gulliermondii (all P ＜ 0.05). The nonpathogenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae could not form biofilm. ConclusionsCandida has the ability to adhere and form biofilm,and the ability varies with Candida species. Moreover, the ability to form biofilm positively correlates with the adhesivity of Candida.

BACKGROUND:Rotator cuff muscle degeneration(muscle atrophy,fibrosis and fatty infiltration)is a common condition after rotator cuff tears,which seriously affects shoulder function and surgical outcomes.Ginsenoside Rg1 has biological effects such as anti-oxidation,anti-apoptosis and lipid-lowering.However,the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on muscle degeneration after rotator cuff tear has not been reported. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on muscle degeneration after massive rotator cuff tear in mice. METHODS:Sixty C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into sham group,model group,ginsenoside Rg1 low dose group and ginsenoside Rg1 high dose group,with 15 mice in each group.The skin of the right shoulder of mice in the sham group was cut and sutured.Massive rotator cuff tear mouse models of the right shoulder were established in the other three groups.Supraspinatus tendon and suprascapular nerve compression were administrated.Mice in the sham and model groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.5 mL of saline after operation,while those in the ginsenoside Rg1 low and high dose groups were intraperitoneally injected with ginsenoside Rg1 30 and 60 mg/kg respectively,once a day,for 6 weeks.Mice were assessed for limb function by gait analysis the day after the last injection.After euthanasia,the supraspinatus muscle on the operated side was taken to measure the muscle atrophy rate and muscle contractility.Muscle tissue was stained with oil red O and Masson.RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of atrophy,fibrosis,and fatty infiltration related genes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the model group,low-and high-dose ginsenoside Rg1 significantly increased paw print area and step length(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,low-and high-dose ginsenoside Rg1 significantly increased myofiber cross-sectional area and supraspinatus contractility(P<0.05),and significantly decreased wet muscle mass reduction ratio,fatty infiltration area ratio,and collagen fiber area ratio(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,low-and high-dose ginsenoside Rg1 significantly decreased the expression of atrophy,fibrosis,and fatty infiltration related genes(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in paw print area,supraspinatus muscle contractility,and myofiber cross-sectional area between ginsenoside Rg1 low and high dose groups(P>0.05),and all other indexes were better in the ginsenoside Rg1 high dose group than in the ginsenoside Rg1 low dose group(P<0.05).To conclude,ginsenoside Rg1 could significantly reduce muscle atrophy,fibrosis and fatty infiltration following massive rotator cuff tear in mice,which is beneficial to improve muscle strength and limb function.