Objective To investigate the relationship between intracellular HIV RNA load and plasma HIV RNA load in peripheral blood of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-1 patients,and to explore the potential clinical value of intracellular HIV RNA load in antiretroviral therapy(ART).Methods A total of 104 HIV-1 patients admitted to the West China Hospital,Sichuan University from April to June 2021 were enrolled,in-cluding 26 untreated patients and 78 treated patients.Peripheral blood was collected and patients were fol-lowed up.The correlation between intracellular HIV RNA load,plasma HIV RNA load and the number of CD4+T lymphocytes during the same period were analyzed.The differences of intracellular HIV RNA load in patients with different plasma HIV RNA load and in patients with different therapeutic effects were com-pared.Results The intracellular HIV RNA load was positively correlated with the plasma HIV RNA load.Both intracellular HIV RNA load and plasma HIV RNA load were negatively correlated with the number of CD4+T lymphocytes.Intracellular HIV RNA load was positive in all patients,among which plasma HIV RNA was negative or below the detection limit in 1 untreated patient and 35 treated patients.There was a statisti-cally significant difference in intracellular HIV RNA load between patients with different plasma viral loads(P＜0.001).Patients with an intracellular HIV RNA load of 3.816 lg copy/106 cells could best distinguish between patients with plasma viral load above the detection limit and below the detection limit[area under the curve(AUC)was 0.738].There was a statistically significant difference in intracellular HIV RNA load be-tween patients with different therapeutic effects(P＜0.000 1),and the intracellular HIV RNA load(3.987 lg copy/106 cells,AUC was 0.985)rather than the plasma HIV RNA load(1.647 lg copy/mL,AUC was 0.854)could better distinguish between virologically suppressed patients and low-level viremia patients.Con-clusion The intracellular HIV RNA load in peripheral blood can reflect the real virus storage level and im-mune damage in HIV-1 patients,and is a promising index to evaluate the efficacy of ART and prognosis of pa-tients.Especially when the plasma viral load was below the detection limit,the monitoring of intracellular HIV RNA load may be a more accurate method for the evaluation of ART efficacy.

Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been commonly deployed to prevent and control the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resulting in a worldwide decline in influenza prevalence. However, the influenza risk in China warrants cautious assessment. We conducted a cross-sectional, seroepidemiological study in Shandong Province, Northern China in mid-2021. Hemagglutination inhibition was performed to test antibodies against four influenza vaccine strains. A combination of descriptive and meta-analyses was adopted to compare the seroprevalence of influenza antibodies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The overall seroprevalence values against A/H1N1pdm09, A/H3N2, B/Victoria, and B/Yamagata were 17.8% (95% CI 16.2%-19.5%), 23.5% (95% CI 21.7%-25.4%), 7.6% (95% CI 6.6%-8.7%), and 15.0 (95% CI 13.5%-16.5%), respectively, in the study period. The overall vaccination rate was extremely low (2.6%). Our results revealed that antibody titers in vaccinated participants were significantly higher than those in unvaccinated individuals (P < 0.001). Notably, the meta-analysis showed that antibodies against A/H1N1pdm09 and A/H3N2 were significantly low in adults after the COVID-19 pandemic (P < 0.01). Increasing vaccination rates and maintaining NPIs are recommended to prevent an elevated influenza risk in China.

Objective　To analyze the effects of flexible ureteroscopic Holmium laser lithotripsy on renal function in the treatmen of renal calculi.　Methods　From October 2010 to March 2012,41 cases of solitary renal calculi (24 males and 17 females) were treated with flexible ureteroscopic Holmium laser lithotripsy ( FURL).Patient's mean age was 51.9 ± 15.9 years ( range from 31 to 88 years).Locations of renal calculi detected by image study were 22 cases in middle and upper calyx,9 cases in lower calyx,10 case in renal pelvis.The mean size of calculi was 16.9 ±6.0 mm (range from 10 to 28 mm).Blood samples (2 h pre-operatively,and then 2 h,12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h post-operatively) were collected and serum　NGAL,serum Cys-C were tested　Results　The measured levels of pre-operative NGAL and Cys-C were 3.5 ± 0.6μg/L,501.7±121.3 μg/L,and levels of post-operative NGAL at 2 h,12 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h were 4.2±0.8 μg/L,5.0±1.0 μg/L,4.9±1.4 μg/L,4.3± 1.1 μg/L and 3.8 ±0.1 μg/L,while the according levels of Cys-C were ( 516.4 ± 126.2 ) μg/L,( 723.8 ± 134.8 ) μg/L,( 770.4 ± 162.8 ) μg/L,(671.7 ± 138.3 ) μg/L and 574.0 ± 116.7 μg/L.Serum NGAL began to increase 2 hours after operation (P ＜0.05,and reached the peak in 12 hours,it began to decline 12 hours after surgery,but it was still higher at 72 hours than pre-operative level (P ＜ 0.05.Serum Cys-C showed no obvious ascent 2 hours after operation in FURL group ( P ＞ 0.05 ),but increased obviously 12 hours after operation and lowered down after the peak that occurred 24 hours after surgery.Serum Cys-C still remain above the baseline 72 hours after operation (P ＜0.05).　Conclusions　Flexible ureteroscope lithotripsy can cause reversible damage to renal function after surgery.