Synuclein-γ (SNCG) is overexpressed in many advanced stages cancers, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, esophagus cancer, and colon cancer.SNCG stimulates the proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance of tumor cells, through interacting with BubR1 and damage mitotic checkpoint. A peptic ANK targeted at SNCG can inhibit activity of SNCG and may be developed as an adjuvant therapy.

Bladder cancer is a malignant tumor of the urinary system with the highest and still increasing incidence rate in China in recent years. While most patients with a diagnosis of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) have a good prognosis, NMIBC is prone to relapse and progress to muscular invasive cancer (MIBC) after treatment, leading to a poor prognosis. At present, diagnosis and postoperative follow-up of bladder cancer still rely on invasive cystoscopy, and there is a lack of effective treatment for advanced tumors. The results show that methylation, as a chemical modification of DNA, is related to the occurrence and development of bladder cancers. This article reviews the research progress of bladder cancer DNA methylation in diagnosis, monitoring and treatment in recent years.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficiency of reversed vesical muco-muscular flap in the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux.MethodsFrom 1999 to 2000,a new anti-reflux operation was performed for 4 cases of vesicoureteral reflux (one with grade Ⅲ and three with grade Ⅳ) using reversed vesical muco-muscular flap.The vesicoureteral reflux was primary in 2 patients and secondary to ureteromeatotomy for the management of intramural ureteral calculi in the other 2.ResultsAll the 4 patients were successfully treated with this new technique.2 patients exhibited bladder irritation and spasm after operation,which were palliated in one month and vanished in three months.The lumbodynia and distending pain vanished during the follow-up (mean 22 months). Intravenous urography revealed normal renal function of the involved kidney.Hydronephrosis and ureteric dilatation were cured in 3 patients and significantly improved in 1.Voiding cystography demonstrated no reflux.The reconstructed ureteral orifice was labiate under cystoscopic view.ConclusionsThe anti-reflux operation is simple,convenient and effective in the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux.The postoperative bladder irritation is transient and shortcoming.

ObjectiveTo study the clinical features of primary renal lymphoma.MethodsThe clinical,radiological features,treatment and prognosis of 3 cases of primary renal lymphoma are presented and discussed.ResultsSurgical intervention was carried out in 2 cases,and radiotherapy and chemotherapy were undertaken postoperatively.The other case was treated with chemotherapy alone.One patients survived more than 2 years and 2 more than 1 year.ConclusionsRadiological features are similar to those of renal cell carcinoma. Those with a preoperative diagnosis of primary renal lymphoma should be treated with chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy depending on the histological status,stage and volume of the tumor.

Objective To probe into the clinical and urodynamic features of primary bladder neck obstruction(PBNO) in females. Methods A retrospective analysis was made with comprehensive urodynamic evaluation in 61 cases with PBNO and 32 cases with genuine stress incontinence. Results According to the modified phentolamine UPP tests,there were 41 cases of internal sphincter spasticity(ISS)and 20 cases of bladder neck obstruction(BNO).The success rate of P Q plot analysis in the ISS group was lower than those of BNO and the control(49%vs 80% and 81%).94% of both ISS and BNO patients had a Lin PURR grading of ≥grade Ⅱ,whereas 99% of the control group were of grade 0 of I.There were a significant difference in such parameters as PVB,A G number(Pdet Qmax -2Qmax),post voiding residual,and maximum urethral closure pressure between the obstructed groups and nonobstructed group. Conclusions The meaningful diagnostic parameters for PBNO are Lin PURR grading(≥grade Ⅱ),PVB and A G number.The modified phentolamine UPP test is a reliable index for the assessment of internal sphincter sphincter functional obstruction.

Objective To evaluate Ho:YAG laser in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. Methods 30 patients with superficial bladder tumors underwent endoscopic holmium laser resection with postoperative intravesical instillation therapy.There were 25 male patients and 5 famale with an average age of 54.The growth has been single in 15 and multiple in 15.The diameter of the tumor was 0.2～3.5 cm with the pathology grade G 1～G 2 and clinical stage T 1～T 2. Results The procedure has been successful in all and cold cup biopsies of the tumor base and incisal margin were negative.The mean resection time was 18 minutes,the mean volume of bleeding was less than 15 ml and no intraoperative bladder perforation or secondary hemorrhage occurred.All patients have been followed up for 3 to 14 months with a mean of 7.5 months.One patient (3%) had out-of-field recurrence. Conclusions Ho:YAG laser resection of bladder tumor (HoLRBt) provides an useful clinical therapeutic method that has the advantages of precise resection,simple technique,as well as no serious intraoperative or delayed complications.

Objective To sum up the imaging features of tuberous sclerosis.Methods CT and MRI findings of brain in 20 patients with tuberous sclerosis proved by clinic,imaging or pathology were retrospectively studied. Results Among 20 cases,on CT,the lesions appeared as subependymal calcified noduli in 16 cases (multiple noduli in 14 cases and single nodule in 2) and subependymal uncalcified noduli in 2,the noduli were 2~12 mm in diameter,2 cases were normal.On MRI,the subependymal noduli were multiple in 19 cases and single in one case,the noduli were iso-or hypointensity on T1WI and iso-,hypo or hyperintensity on T2WI.In addition,the lesions within cortical or sub-cortical matter were demonstrated by MRI in 19 cases,and the abnormal signals were showed in local patterns of cortical tubers.The abnormal findings of white matter were radial linear or wedge-shaped or irregular type in 7 cases.The subependymal noduli were enhanced,and the most of cortical lesions were not enhanced after contrast-enhanced MR scans in 9 cases.Conclusion There are characteristic findings of tuberous sclerosis both on CT and MRI.

Objective To highlight diagnosis and treatment of primary fibroepithelial polyp of ureter. Methods 7 cases of primary fibroepithelial polyp of ureter treated from May of 1990 to July of 2002 were analyzed retrospectively.Among them ,18～56 age of year,and right side in 5 cases,left in 2 cases.The foci are in upper,middle and lower part 2,3,2 cases respectively.The diagnosis was all ascertained on pathological studies. Results Hematuria and flank pain are the usual presentation.Preoperative image will reveal the lesion but the diagnosis of fibroepithelial polyp cannot be made by radiographic means alone.Surgical intervention was undertaken in all 7 cases.The initial case has undergone unnecessary nephroureterectomy as misdiagnosis of carcinoma of ureter.Surgical exploration and polypectomy was performed in 4 cases and polypectomy with holimlaser under ureteroscopy in 2 cases.The therapeutic results were satisfactory without relapse in 3 months～11 years follow up. Conclusions The diagnosis may be established with intravenous urogram and retrograde pyelography and surgical exploration may be performed when necessary.With the advent of ureteroscopy, a new minimally invasive approach to fibroepithelial polyp of ureter was introduced.

0.05).The urethral catheter was indwelled for a mean of 2.5 days(2-4 days).Follow-up examinations were conducted for 5-24 months(mean,17 months).At the first postoperative month,the IPSS and maximum urinary flow were 6.7?2.4 and 16.3?6.1 ml/s,respectively,both of which were significantly improved as compared with preoperative values(t=8.975 and 7.325,P

Objective To summarize the construction,upgrading process and clinical application of prostate cancer database (PC-Follow).Methods From September 2008 to December 2014,we designed two versions of off-line PC-Follow clinical databases based on Microsoft Access to support clinical follow-up and research in prostate cancer patients.Then,in order to achieve unified management of clinical data import and multi-center clinical research,we further upgraded PC-Follow to a browser/server (B/S) schema based web database.After upgrade,a simulated multi-center operation pattern was adopted to transfer all existed data-We then attempted to linkage our database with the hospital information system (HIS) and had eventually undertaken reality and stress testing on 3,124 cases'data migration in the hospital.The nationwide software testing and personnel training was conducted in 12 major medical centers.Results Twice of upgrade and alteration of schema of PC-Follow preserved the original user interface.Multiple functions,including data import,follow-up,research support,were obviously enhanced.Notably,the perfection in multi-user and hierarchical access control meet the future needs for multi-center clinical research.Via the import tool for PC-follow V3.0,we successfully migrated all data from the original one.After linking our database with the HIS software by one-way transmission protocol,the safety data extracting could be achieved.Specified administrators were appointed to process and analyze PC-Follow data in bulk,and data were voluntarily shared between attending centers,and showed stable performance on the 3,124 patients in our database.Feedback from nationwide multicenter training and testing indicated that our database was easy,readily accessible,with functionally stable modules,accurate website displays,and ideal response time.Conclusions The online PC-Follow database with hierarchical access provides support for multi-center clinical research in prostate cancer.The off-line PC-Follow database also grants certain degrees of data management for underdeveloped clinical centers,and it has its advantage to serve as prototypes for data migration to future online PC-Follow database once conditions are ripe.