OBJECTIVE：To analyse the distributing proportion of amoxicillin/clavulanate K(CA) in β-lactmas and the popularzing rate of CA in hospitals.The proportions of different drug dosage forms of CA were compared.METHODS：The sums of money of the antiinfectives,β-lactams(penicillins) and CA consumed in 13 cities of China in 1999 were analysed.RESULTS：The distributing proportion of CA in β-lactams(penicillins)accounted for 18.3％ ,the popularzing rate of CA in 13 cities was 74.4％ ,of which,oral dosage form amounted to 41.7％ and powdered form for injection 58.3％ .CONCLUSION：The results can provide reference for rational use of drugs in hospital.

OBJECTIVE To explore the pathogenesis of Ureaplasma urealyticum(Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis(MH) in urogenital tract infection and their susceptibility to antibiotics. METHODS Mycoplasma culture was carried out with the samples of 989 cases and then the susceptibility to 10 kinds of antibibtics was detected on positive samples. RESULTS From 989 cases 683 were infected with mycoplasma,the total positive rate was 69.1%,the positive rates of Uu,MH and their mixed infection were 55.1%,2.2% and 11.8%,respectively.The positive rate of female was higher than of male(P

Objective A case control study was designed to explore the risk factors of asthma for city children residing for more than half a year,in China.Methods All physician-diagnosed asthma children enrolled in the 3rd nationwide survey (2010) in 43 typical cities of China were selected as the cases,and non-asthmatic children in the same survey were selected as control subjects if they wcre matched with the cases in age and sex.A revised questionnaire on the basis of ISAAC Phase Three Environmental Questionnaire was designed to investigate the risks of asthma among city children aged 0-14 years in China.Chi square analysis and generalized linear mixed models were performed to check the exposure difference between the cases and the controls.Results 43 out of the 44 city centers were qualified according to the results after reviewing both data from the survey and management.As a result,26 950 subjects including 12 450 asthmatic children and 14 500 control subjects were enrolled in the case-control study.Except for the children of Han ethnicity,another 5 980 children (22.2％) of ethnic minorities and 3 1 children (0.1 ％) born in foreign countries were also included as the study subjects.After controlling for city centers as random effect,age,sex,race,problems related to allergy,family history of asthma or allergy,personal medication history of antibiotics,preterm delivery,under caesarean section,baby age for introducing protein-contained foods,environmental tobacco smoking,maternal occupation,indoor plantings,room decorations,dampness,and cooking fuel were proved to be risk factors of childhood asthma.Some differences were seen in the risks of asthma between new cases and current cases.The risk for exposure to indoor plants was different between new cases (OR=2.09,95％CI:1.30-3.36) and current cases (OR=0.80,95％ CI:0.74-0.86).Risks on asthma were varied by age.Allergy,inflection,odor,and preterm delivery (OR=1.72,95％CI:1.42-2.08) appeared to be the key risks for asthma in children younger than 3 years.Apart from the risks,specifically for children younger than 3 years,the risks on asthma for children of 3 to 5 years would also include factors as:sex (OR=1.18,95％CI:1.03-1.35),low birth weight (OR=1.69,95％ CI:1.17-2.44),and caesarean section (OR=1.26,95％ CI:1.10-2.45).Apart from risks specifically for children younger than 6 years,age (OR=0.97,95％CI:0.95-0.99),race (OR=1.61,95％CI:1.26-2.06),and emigration (OR=1.68,95％CI:1.39-2.03) were proved to be associated with asthma for children aged 6-14 years.Conclusion Asthma risks for city children in China would include genetic factors,allergy,infection,and other environmental factors but called for further research in the country.

H 1-antihistamines are widely used in the treatment of various allergic diseases, but there are still many challenges in the safe and rational use of H 1-antihistamines in pediatrics, and there is a lack of guidance on the prescription review of H 1-antihistamines for children.In this paper, suggestions are put forward from the indications, dosage, route of administration, pathophysiological characteristics of children with individual difference and drug interactions, so as to provide reference for clinicians and pharmacists.