Lymphatic system has important functions such as immune defense and maintaining the stability of internal environment.Traditional anatomy of the central nervous system thought that there are no lymphatic vessels lined with endothelial cells in the central nervous system or lymph circulation.But the latest research shows that there is lymph circulation in the brain,and the meningeal lymphatic vessels are found.To further elucidate the structure and function of the lymph circulation in the central nervous system,we review the latest research progress of composition,drainage and physiological functions of the central nervous system and how it plays a role in the immune related diseases of the central nervous system.

Objectives:To explore the possible mechanisms of ischemic postconditioning on alleviating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, focusing on the inflammatory-thrombus related mechanisms. Methods:Rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=10 each):sham group, ischemia-reperfusion injury group, postconditioning group, SB203580 group, anisomycin+postconditioning (Ani+postconditioning) group and anisomycin (Ani) group. After establising the model of myocardial ischemia reperfusion in rats, the levels of myocardial injury markers troponin I (TnI) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), level of leukocyte-platelet aggregation (PLA) were detected by flow cytometry at different time points, myocardial infarction area was measured by using TTC staining and the level of phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (P-p38 MAPK) was determined by Western blot. Results:Compared with the I/R group, the levels of CK-MB, TnI, the infarct size and the expression of PLA at 60 min and 3 h reperfusion were significantly reduced in the postconditioning group and SB203580 group (P＜0.05). Compared with the postconditioning group, the levels of above parameters were significantly higher in the SB203580 group, Ani+postconditioning group and Ani group (P＜0.05). Compared with the I/R group, the expression of P-p38 MAPK in the postconditioning group, SB203580 group, Ani+postconditioning group was significantly reduced (P＜0.05), while it was significantly upregulated in the Ani group (P＜0.05). Furthermore, compared with the postconditioning group, the expression of P-p38 MAPK in the Ani+postconditioning group and Ani group was significantly upregulated (P＜0.05). SB203580 group presented the similar protection effect as the postconditioning group. Cardioprotective effects of postconditioning was partially reduced in the Ani+postconditioning group. Conclusions:Ischemia postconditioning can reduce the expression of PLA during reperfusion by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38MAPK, thereby attenuating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Ion mobility spectroscopy(IMS)has many advantages such as fast detection speed,high sensitivity,and portability,and thus plays an important role in on-site detection of chemical agents,explosives,drugs,environmental pollutants,and other pollutants.As a key component of IMS,the ion number density and temporal width of the injected ion packets directly determine the IMS detection sensitivity and resolution.In yhis study,the dual-parallel-grid structure of Tyndall-Powell gate(TPG),which could effectively isolate the electric fields within the ionization region,gate region,and drift region,was utilized to develop a dual effect TPG gating method for simultaneously enhancing the mobility discrimination reduction and ion packet temporal width compression,thereby improving the IMS performance.A TPG-IMS platform was thus built up and the effects of parameters such as gate opening pulsed width,gate penetration voltage,and ion injection voltage on the sensitivity and resolving power of IMS were systematically investigated using the dual-effect TPG gating method.The results demonstrated that,when detecting diethyl phosphate(DEP)and diethyl methylphosphate(DEMP)mixture using the dual effect TPG gating method,the peak currents of(DEP)2H+and(DEP·DEMP)H+ions with low K0 values were increased by 18 and 45 times respectively,while maintaining a high resolution of about 90.The limits of detection for DEP and DEMP were decreased from 4 ppb(10-9)to 235 ppt(10-12)and from 5 ppb to 156 ppt,respectively.This gating method only regulated the potential of the TPG grid adjacent to the drift region,without changing the structure of the ion mobility tube,making it convenient to apply on existing commercial instruments.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of different convolutional neural networks (CNN),representative deep learning models,in the differential diagnosis of ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst,and subsequently compare the diagnosis results between models and oral radiologists. Methods A total of 1000 digital panoramic radiographs were retrospectively collected from the patients with ameloblastoma (500 radiographs) or odontogenic keratocyst (500 radiographs) in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology,Peking University School of Stomatology.Eight CNN including ResNet (18,50,101),VGG (16,19),and EfficientNet (b1,b3,b5) were selected to distinguish ameloblastoma from odontogenic keratocyst.Transfer learning was employed to train 800 panoramic radiographs in the training set through 5-fold cross validation,and 200 panoramic radiographs in the test set were used for differential diagnosis.Chi square test was performed for comparing the performance among different CNN.Furthermore,7 oral radiologists (including 2 seniors and 5 juniors) made a diagnosis on the 200 panoramic radiographs in the test set,and the diagnosis results were compared between CNN and oral radiologists. Results The eight neural network models showed the diagnostic accuracy ranging from 82.50% to 87.50%,of which EfficientNet b1 had the highest accuracy of 87.50%.There was no significant difference in the diagnostic accuracy among the CNN models (P=0.998,P=0.905).The average diagnostic accuracy of oral radiologists was (70.30±5.48)%,and there was no statistical difference in the accuracy between senior and junior oral radiologists (P=0.883).The diagnostic accuracy of CNN models was higher than that of oral radiologists (P<0.001). Conclusion Deep learning CNN can realize accurate differential diagnosis between ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst with panoramic radiographs,with higher diagnostic accuracy than oral radiologists.
Humans ; Ameloblastoma/diagnostic imaging* ; Deep Learning ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Radiography, Panoramic ; Retrospective Studies ; Odontogenic Cysts/diagnostic imaging* ; Odontogenic Tumors

The innate immune system can be boosted in response to subsequent triggers by pre-exposure to microbes or microbial products, known as “trained immunity”. Compared to classical immune memory, innate trained immunity has several different features. Firstly, the molecules involved in trained immunity differ from those involved in classical immune memory. Innate trained immunity mainly involves innate immune cells (e.g., myeloid immune cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells) and their effector molecules (e.g., pattern recognition receptor (PRR), various cytokines), as well as some kinds of non-immune cells (e.g., microglial cells). Secondly, the increased responsiveness to secondary stimuli during innate trained immunity is not specific to a particular pathogen, but influences epigenetic reprogramming in the cell through signaling pathways, leading to the sustained changes in genes transcriptional process, which ultimately affects cellular physiology without permanent genetic changes (e.g., mutations or recombination). Finally, innate trained immunity relies on an altered functional state of innate immune cells that could persist for weeks to months after initial stimulus removal. An appropriate inducer could induce trained immunity in innate lymphocytes, such as exogenous stimulants (including vaccines) and endogenous stimulants, which was firstly discovered in bone marrow derived immune cells. However, mature bone marrow derived immune cells are short-lived cells, that may not be able to transmit memory phenotypes to their offspring and provide long-term protection. Therefore, trained immunity is more likely to be relied on long-lived cells, such as epithelial stem cells, mesenchymal stromal cells and non-immune cells such as fibroblasts. Epigenetic reprogramming is one of the key molecular mechanisms that induces trained immunity, including DNA modifications, non-coding RNAs, histone modifications and chromatin remodeling. In addition to epigenetic reprogramming, different cellular metabolic pathways are involved in the regulation of innate trained immunity, including aerobic glycolysis, glutamine catabolism, cholesterol metabolism and fatty acid synthesis, through a series of intracellular cascade responses triggered by the recognition of PRR specific ligands. In the view of evolutionary, trained immunity is beneficial in enhancing protection against secondary infections with an induction in the evolutionary protective process against infections. Therefore, innate trained immunity plays an important role in therapy against diseases such as tumors and infections, which has signature therapeutic effects in these diseases. In organ transplantation, trained immunity has been associated with acute rejection, which prolongs the survival of allografts. However, trained immunity is not always protective but pathological in some cases, and dysregulated trained immunity contributes to the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Trained immunity provides a novel form of immune memory, but when inappropriately activated, may lead to an attack on tissues, causing autoinflammation. In autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis, trained immunity may lead to enhance inflammation and tissue lesion in diseased regions. In Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, trained immunity may lead to over-activation of microglial cells, triggering neuroinflammation even nerve injury. This paper summarizes the basis and mechanisms of innate trained immunity, including the different cell types involved, the impacts on diseases and the effects as a therapeutic strategy to provide novel ideas for different diseases.

【Objective】 Corin, a transmembrane serine protease that can cleave atrial natriuretic peptide precursor (pro-ANP) into atrial natriuretic peptide with smaller bioactive molecules, participates in the pathophysiological process of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of Corin gene variation with blood pressure responses to sodium and potassium dietary interventions. 【Methods】 In 2004, we recruited 514 participants from 124 families in 7 villages of Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China. All the subjects received a 3-day normal diet, a 7-day low-salt diet, a 7-day high-salt diet, and finally a 7-day high-salt and potassium supplementation. Fifteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Corin gene were selected for final analysis. 【Results】 SNPs rs12509275 were significantly associated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) response to low-salt diet, while rs3749584 was associated with pulse pressure (PP) response to low-salt diet.SNP rs3749584 and rs10517195 were significantly associated with PP response to high-salt diet. In addition,rs17654278 were significantly associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) response to high-salt and potassium supplementation, rs2271037 was significantly correlated with DBP responses to high-salt and potassium supplementation, and rs4695253, rs12509275, rs2351783, rs36090894 were significantly associated with PP response to high-salt and potassium supplementation. 【Conclusion】 Corin gene polymorphisms were associated with blood pressure response to sodium and potassium, suggesting that Corin gene may be involved in pathophysiological process of salt sensitivity and potassium sensitivity.