Based on spleen deficiency-phlegm dampness as the core pathogenesis of obesity， and integrating recent advances in modern medicine regarding the key role of immune inflammation in obesity， this paper proposes a multidimensional pathogenic network of "obesity-spleen deficiency-phlegm dampness-immune imbalance". Various traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） herbs that strengthen the spleen， regulate qi， and resolve phlegm and dampness can treat obesity by improving spleen-stomach transport and transformation， promoting water-damp metabolism， and regulating immune homeostasis. This highlights immune inflammation as an important entry point to elucidate the TCM concepts of "spleen deficiency-phlegm dampness" and the therapeutic principle of "strengthening the spleen and eliminating dampness to treat obesity". By systematically analyzing the intrinsic connection between "spleen deficiency generating dampness， internal accumulation of phlegm dampness" and immune dysregulation in obesity， this paper aims to provide theoretical support for TCM treatment of obesity based on dampness.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Sangpi Zhike prescription in treating cough after respiratory syncytial virus （RSV） infection through the "lung-intestine co-treatment" approach using network pharmacology and animal experimental validation. MethodsActive ingredients and targets of Sangpi Zhike prescription were retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology （TCMSP） database. Disease targets were obtained from GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man（OMIM） databases. Protein-protein interaction （PPI） networks and drug-component-target networks were constructed using overlapping targets between drugs and diseases to identify core targets. Gene ontology（GO） and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes（KEGG） pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the overlapping targets. Sixty mouse models were established： 10 as the normal group， and the remaining mice were infected with RSV via slow nasal drip of RSV suspension， with cough induced using capsaicin solution. After modeling， mice were divided into a model group， a Montelukast Sodium group （1 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）， and low， medium， and high dose groups of Sangpi Zhike prescription （4.875，9.75，and 19.5 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， with 10 mice per group. From day 14 after RSV infection， the normal and model groups received saline via gavage， while other groups received corresponding drug treatments once daily for 5 d. Hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was used to observe pathological changes in lung and intestinal tissue. The protein content of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 （ERK1/2） and phosphorylated （p）-ERK1/2 in the lung and colon tissue of mice was detected by Western blot. Real-time polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） detected ERK1/2 mRNA expression in lung and intestinal tissue. Immunohistochemistry assessed p-MEK1/2， p-ERK1/2， p-c-Fos protein levels， and inflammatory cytokines interleukin（IL）-4 and （TNF）-α in lung and colon tissue. ResultsNetwork pharmacology identified 184 active ingredients and 684 targets in Sangpi Zhike prescription， with 1 344 RSV-related disease targets and 209 overlapping targets. Core targets included TNF， Fos， and Jun. KEGG enrichment revealed 179 pathways， primarily mitogen-activated protein kinase（MAPK）， cancer， TNF， and IL-17 signaling pathways. Animal experiments showed that， compared to those of the normal group， the lung tissue sections of the model group showed typical inflammatory damage， infiltration of inflammatory cells， rupture of alveolar septa， extensive alveolar fusion， and disruption of tight junctions between single-layer columnar epithelial cells in the intestinal tissue. The values of p-ERK1/2 and ERK1/2 in lung and intestinal tissue were significantly increased （P<0.01）， and the expression level of ERK1/2 mRNA was significantly elevated （P<0.01）. The levels of ERK1/2， p-MEK1/2， p-ERK1/2， p-c-Fos， IL-4， and TNF-α along the ERK pathway were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared to the model group， Sangpi Zhike prescription groups showed reduced lung and intestinal inflammation， decreased p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 ratios （P<0.05，P<0.01）， lower ERK1/2 mRNA levels， and downregulated ERK pathway proteins （P<0.05，P<0.01）. ConclusionSangpi Zhike prescription alleviates cough and intestinal symptoms after RSV infection via the "lung-intestine co-treatment" mechanism by suppressing expression levels of ERK1/2， p-MEK1/2， p-ERK1/2， p-c-Fos， IL-4， and TNF-α on ERK pathway components， thereby mitigating lung and intestinal pathological damage.

This study investigated the regulatory effects of carvacrol on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammatory response and endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress in bovine mammary epithe-lial cells using in vitro cell culture techniques.Western blot analysis revealed significantly elevated expression levels of NF-κB pathway-related proteins and ER stress marker proteins in mastitis samples compared to healthy mammary tissues(P＜0.05).Cells were divided into a blank control group and carvacrol(CAV)treatment groups with varying concentrations(50,100,250,500,750,1 000 μmol/L).After 24 hours of culture,cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK-8 assay.An inflammatory model was established by stimulating MAC-T cells(a bovine mammary epithelial cell line)with LPS(10 mg/L)for 12 h,followed by measurement of the transcriptional levels of inflammatory-related genes(IL-6,IL-1β,and TNFα).MAC-T cells were pretreated with low,medi-um,and high doses of CAV for 12 h before LPS stimulation.Molecular docking analysis was per-formed to examine the interaction between CAV and GRP78,a key ER stress protein.Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)was used to analyze the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cyto-kines(IL-6,IL-1β,TNFα),while Western blot was employed to assess the expression levels of NF-κB pathway proteins(p-IκB,p-NF-κB p65)and ER stress-related proteins(p-PERK,p-IRE1α,ATF6,GRP78,CHOP).The results from Western blot and qPCR demonstrated that CAV alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory response and cellular damage by inhibiting the NF-κB signa-ling pathway and ER stress.

Fear of disease progression(FoP)is a common psychological state among patients with coronary heart dis-ease(CHD),which exists throughout the course of disease and seriously affects the prognosis.High level of FoP not only harms the mental health of patients but also do not benefit their rehabilitation after discharge.This concept was first proposed by foreign researchers studying the psychological state of cancer patients.In recent years,there have been numerous studies on the influencing factors and qualitative aspects of FoP in CHD patients,while related inter-vention studies remain few.This paper reviews the concept,scales and related influencing factors of FoP,providing ideas for medical staff to provide targeted interventions for CHD patients.

Executive function(EF) is an advanced cognitive function of the central nervous system, and is closely related to an individual's capacity for daily living and adaptation. Patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) typically exhibit significant executive dysfunction. While most existing studies on the executive function of individuals with ADHD are cross-sectional, and little is known about the longitudinal maturation process of related brain structures and functional connectivity patterns. The findings indicate that ADHD patients exhibit differential developmental trajectories in brain structural and functional connectivity compared with typically developing group.Furthermore, there is a lifespan association between abnormal brain network development and ADHD symptoms. This article aims to elucidate the characteristics of executive function deficits in ADHD patients across different developmental stages, examining their relationship with the nervous system’s development from a development perspective.

Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a life-threatening ion channelopathy caused by mutations in genes encoding specific ion channels, which can result in malignant arrhythmia of the torsades de pointes type. LQTS type 4 represents less than 1% of inherited LQTS cases, in contrast to the 90% attributable to types 1-3, it is specifically caused by loss-of-function mutations in the membrane-binding domain of ANK2. Here, a novel ANK2 variant ( ANK2c 2245 A>C, resulting in p.Lys749Gln) associated with LQTS type 4 and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was identified in a previously healthy 61-year-old male patient who suffered paroxysmal palpitations and pre-syncope due to recurrent torsades de pointes.

In recent years,the intensification of dairy farming has significantly improved production efficiency but has also led to a rise in the incidence of metabolic diseases.Conditions such as keto-sis,fatty liver,and hypocalcemia pose serious threats to dairy cattle health and productivity.These diseases not only profoundly affect individual physiological function but also impose considerable economic pressures and challenges on farm management.As research advances,exosomes have e-merged as a novel intercellular signaling molecule,showing unique potential in regulating dairy cattle's nutritional metabolism.Studies suggest that exosomes hold promise as biomarkers for dis-ease and can even serve as carriers for disease detection and prevention.Acting as a crucial mediator of intercellular communication,exosomes play an important role in modulating the metabolic processes of dairy cattle.This review aims to systematically explore the role of exosomes in bovine nutritional metabolism and to provide new perspectives and theoretical support for their potential as tools for diagnosing,treating,and preventing metabolic diseases in dairy cattle,thus advancing research and practice in this field.

To investigate the effect of capsaicin(CAP)on the replication of bovine viral diarrhea vi-rus(BVDV).Bovine nasal turbinate osteoblasts(BT)infected with BVDV served as the research model,and viral gene and protein levels were evaluated using RT-qPCR and Western blot.Moreo-ver,molecular docking,molecular dynamics simulation,and oil red O staining were applied to ana-lyze the mechanism by which CAP inhibits BVDV replication.The results revealed no significant effect of CAP at 6.25,12.5,25,and 50 mg/L on the viability of BT cells.CAP was found to signifi-cantly inhibit BVDV 5′UTR RNA and E2 protein levels,according to the antiviral effect study.Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations indicated that CAP could bind with high affinity to the active site of PI3K.Additional mechanistic studies indicated that CAP significantly reduced the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway triggered by BVDV.Furthermore,CAP notably decreased the mRNA levels of FASN,SREBP-1,and ACC-1,which are crucial fatty acid synthesis enzymes in the downstream PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,as well as the levels of lipid droplets.Interestingly,the addition of exogenous oleic acid greatly diminished the antiviral effec-tiveness of CAP and significantly lowered the mRNA levels of IFN-α and IFN-β.The results reveal for the first time that CAP can inhibit BVDV replication,establishing a foundation for its preven-tion and the development of feed additives.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of medium-chain fatty acids(MC-FAs)caprylic acid(C8∶0)on lipid metabolism of calf hepatocytes.Primary calf hepatocytes were extracted and cultured,and 1.2 mmol/L nonesterified fatty acids(NEFAs)were added to the hep-atocytes to construct a model of hepatic lipid deposition in primary calf hepatocytes,Five process-ing groups have been set up:Control group(Ctrl),NEFA added group(NEFA),C8∶0 1.2 mmol/L treatment group(C8∶0 1.2),NEFA+C8∶0 0.2 mmol/L treatment group(NEFA+C8∶00.2),C8∶0 0.2 mmol/L treatment group(C8∶0 0.2).Stimulate calf liver cells for 12 hours,and the levels of triglyceride(TG),lipid oxidation(MDA),hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)and total SOD activity were detected by biochemical kit,and FAS,a protein related to lipid synthesis,was detec-ted by Western blot.The results showed that compared with the control group,the concentrations of TG,MDA and H2O2 in NEFA group increased significantly(P＜0.01),and the activity of SOD decreased significantly(P＜0.05).The protein expression levels of FAS,ACC1,DGAT2 and SREBP-1C were significantly up-regulated(P＜0.01),while the expression level of CPT1A was significantly down-regulated(P＜0.01).Compared with the NEFA group,the protein expression levels of SREBP-1C and DGAT2 in the NEFA+C8∶0(concentration 0.2 mmol/L)group de-creased significantly(P＜0.05),and the protein expression level of fatty acid β-oxidation related molecule CPT1A was slightly higher than that in the NEFA group,but there was no statistical sig-nificance(P＞0.05),and the MDA level in hepatocytes decreased significantly(P＜0.05).In a word,the results of this study show that C8∶0 has antioxidant effect,which can effectively reduce the liver injury caused by oxidative stress,regulate the expression of liver fat gene,and then pro-tect liver injury.

Fear of disease progression(FoP)is a common psychological state among patients with coronary heart dis-ease(CHD),which exists throughout the course of disease and seriously affects the prognosis.High level of FoP not only harms the mental health of patients but also do not benefit their rehabilitation after discharge.This concept was first proposed by foreign researchers studying the psychological state of cancer patients.In recent years,there have been numerous studies on the influencing factors and qualitative aspects of FoP in CHD patients,while related inter-vention studies remain few.This paper reviews the concept,scales and related influencing factors of FoP,providing ideas for medical staff to provide targeted interventions for CHD patients.