Objective To evaluate the effect of hydrogen sulfide on myocardial exogenous apoptotic pathway in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.Methods Sixty clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 8 weeks,weighing 250-300 g,were divided into 4 groups (n =15 each) using a random number table method:sham operation group (group S),sham operation plus sodium sulphid (NaHS) group (group S+NaHS),hemorrhagic shock group (HS group),and hemorrhagic shock plus sodium sulphid group (group HS+NaHS).Rats only underwent arterial and intravenous puncture in group S.Hemorrhagic shock was induced by withdrawing blood from the femoral artery until mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced to 35-40 mmHg within 10 min and maintained for 1.5 h.NaHS 28 μmol/kg was intraperitoneally injected at 10 min before resuscitation in group HS+NaHS.The equal volume of NaHS was administered at the same time in group S+NaHS.Immediately before blood letting and at 0,1.5,2,3,4 and 6 h after blood letting (T1-5),MAP was recorded and blood samples were collected from the femoral vein for determination of serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations by chemical colorimetry.Rats were then sacrificed and hearts were removed for examination of the pathological changes of myocardial tissues (with a light microscope) and for determination of cell apoptosis (by TUNEL),expression of caspase-3 and caspase-8 (by Western blot) and expression of Fas and FasL (by immunohistochemistry).Apoptosis index was calculated.Results Compared with group S,MAP was significantly decreased at T1-5,the serum CK and LDH concentrations at T1-5 and apoptosis index at T5 were increased,and the expression of Fas,FasL,caspase-3 and caspase-8 was up-regulated in group HS (P＜ 0.05).Compared with group HS,MAP was significantly increased at T1-3,the serum CK and LDH concentrations at T3-5 and apoptosis index at T5 were decreased,and the expression of Fas,FasL,caspase-3 and caspase-8 was down-regulated in group HS+NaHS (P＜0.05).The pathological changes of myocardial tissues were significantly attenuated in group HS+NaHS when compared with group HS.Concclusion The mechanism by which hydrogen sulfide attenuates myocardial injury induced by hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation is associated with inhibiting the exogenous apoptotic pathway in rats.

Abstract Oral health problems is one of major public health problems that threatens children s overall health. Children s oral health is closely related to family parenting styles. Currently, grandparenting is becoming increasingly common in China, and its impact on children s oral health should not be underestimated. This article reviews the impacts of the oral health knowledge level, behavior habits, gender, socioeconomic status, and other factors related to grandparenting on children s oral health, in order to reduce the negative impact of grandparenting involvement on children s oral health, and to provide theoretical basis and guidance.

BACKGROUND:Chondrocyte apoptosis is an important factor in the development of osteoarthritis,and Complanatoside A has a flavonoid effect,which can inhibit apoptosis of various cells,but its effect on chondrocyte apoptosis and the mechanism of action are not clear. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the intrinsic association and mechanism of Complanatoside A in chondrocyte apoptosis based on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. METHODS:(1)The cartilage tissues of the femur and tibia transected during knee arthroplasty were collected,and chondrocytes were isolated,cultured in vitro,and identified.(2)Cell counting kit-8 was used to detect the optimal intervention concentration of Complanatoside A in the concentration range of 0-160 μmol/L.(3)Chondrocytes were divided into blank group,sodium nitroprusside(1.5 mmol/L)-induced group,and sodium nitroprusside(1.5 mmol/L)+Complanatoside A(5 μmol/L)group.The viability and apoptosis rate of the cells in each group were detected by cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry.The expression of type Ⅱ collagen and SOX9 was detected by immunofluorescence staining.The expression of apoptosis-related proteins and Wnt/β-catenin pathway proteins was detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The cells extracted in vitro were cultured and stained,and were clearly identified as chondrocytes.Complanatoside A had no obvious cytotoxicity to chondrocytes in the concentration range of 0-80 μmol/L,and significantly improved the chondrocyte viability in the concentration range of 2.5-10 μmol/L,especially when the concentration was 5 μmol/L.The apoptotic rate of chondrocytes was higher in the sodium nitroprusside-induced group than the blank control group,while the apoptotic rate was lower in the sodium nitroprusside+Complanatoside A group than the sodium nitroprusside-induced group.The fluorescence intensity of type Ⅱ collagen and SOX9 in chondrocytes was weaker in the sodium nitroprusside-induced group than the blank control group,while the fluorescence intensity of type Ⅱ collagen and SOX9 in the sodium nitroprusside+Complanatoside A group was higher than that of the sodium nitroprusside-induced group.In the sodium nitroprusside-induced group,the protein expression of Bax,Caspase-3,matrix metalloproteinase 13,Wnt3a,Wnt5a and β-catenin was higher than that of the blank control group,while the protein expression of Bcl-2 was lower than that of the blank control group.In the sodium nitroprusside+Complanatoside A group,except for the protein expression of Bcl-2 which was higher than that of the sodium nitroprusside-induced group,the expression of the other aforementioned proteins was lower than that of the sodium nitroprusside-induced group.To conclude,Complanatoside A has a certain inhibitory effect on chondrocyte apoptosis,which could regulate apoptosis-related proteins and promote the expression of chondrocyte regulatory factors,and presumably might play a role through inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVETo assess the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons monohydroxy metabolites in urine of general population in China among 8 provinces, provide the baseline of the metabolites in the general population.

METHODSFrom 2009 to 2010, 18 120 subjects of general population aged 6-60 years old were recruited from 24 areas among 8 provinces in east, west and central areas of China mainland by cluster random sampling. The information of the living environment and health condition were collected by questionnaire and spot urine samples were collected, 4 680 urine samples were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, and monohydroxy metabolites distribution in urine among groups of gender and ages were analysed.

RESULTSGeometric means (GM) of 2-naphthol, 1-naphthol, 3-phenanthrol and 1-hydroxypyrene concentration in urine (95%CI) were 1.85 (1.75-1.95), 1.55 (1.50-1.61), 0.57 (0.54-0.59) and 0.82 (0.78-0.85) µg/L, respectively;and median are 2.44, <0.50, 0.72 and 0.90 µg/L, respectively. The concentration between male and female were significantly different (P < 0.01), and the concentration among the groups of population were significantly different (P < 0.01), the GM of 2-naphthol among the groups of population aged 6-12, 13-16, 17-20, 21-30, 31-45 and 46-60 years old were 1.60, 1.56, 1.69, 2.23, 1.91 and 1.86 µg/L (χ(2) = 17.90, P < 0.01), the GM of 1-naphthol in the groups were 1.30, 1.16, 1.53, 1.68, 1.80 and 1.52 µg/L (χ(2) = 76.22, P < 0.01), the GM of 3-phenanthrol in the groups were 0.78, 0.76, 0.55, 0.42, 0.50 and 0.99 µg/L (χ(2) = 66.48, P < 0.01), the GM of 1-hydroxypyrene in the groups were 0.77,0.64, 1.00, 0.84, 0.84 and 0.57 µg/L (χ(2) = 51.48, P < 0.01), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe distribution of monohydroxy metabolites levels in urine of general population were different, it provided a basic data for the further study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biomonitoring in the population.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Naphthols ; urine ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ; urine ; Pyrenes ; urine ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Young Adult