Radiotherapy is one of the most important methods to treat malignant tumors. Due to the presence of radiation resistance, the effect of radiotherapy is not entirely satisfactory. To alleviate radiation resistance and improve the radiotherapy effect, radiosensitizers have emerged. As a newly discovered radiosensitizer, RRx-001 has a good clinical application prospect. This paper reviewed the research progress of RRx-001 in source, safety, radiotherapy sensitizing activity and related mechanisms.

Glaucoma is an irreversible cause of blindness,and it does serious harm to visual functions.Symptoms of glaucoma,visual impairment,a variety of symptomatic treatment and adverse reactions of drugs result in great obstacles and reduce quality of life.Preventive treatment intervenes glaucoma at an early stage by providing patients with guidance on therapies,diet and daily life,which are effective and may effectively improve their quality of life.

Objective To investigate the application of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and 320-row CT in diagnosis of complex congenital heart disease(CCHD).Methods A retrospective analysis was performed in 68 patients with CCHD,which contained the echocardiographic apprarance,320-row CT and surgical outcoming.All of malformations were divided into three groups:intracardiac group,heart-large vascular connecting group and extracardiac group.Results One hundred and eighty-four malformations were comfirmed by surgery in the 68 cases.The misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis rate of CT and TTE:for the intracardiac anomalies were 12％ (11/93),1％ (1/93) respectively (P ＜ 0.05),for the heart-large vascular connecting malformation were 4％ (2/49),6％ (3/49) respectively (P ＞ 0.05),and for the extracardiac anomalies were 2％(1/42),19％(8/42) respectively (P ＜0.05),for the total anomalies were 8％(14/184),7％ (12/184) respectively (P ＞0.05).While it was 1％ (2/184) in diagnosis of total anomalies by both CT and TTE.Conclusions Both 320-row CT and TTE have their own advantages and shortcomings in the diagnosis of CCHD.Joint application of two methods could reduce the rate of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of CCHD.

Objective To investigate the application of prenatal ultrasonograpy in diagnosis of fetal heart disease during the medium-term and terminal pregnancy,and to avoid misdiagnosis.Methods The prenatal ultrasonographic screening was conducted in 7020 pregnant women with medium-term and terminal pregnancy.All confirmed and suspicious cases of fetal heart disease were observed by echocardiography once 4 weeks until postnatal sixth month to 1 year while normal cases was traced at the intervals of 8 weeks.All the cases were confirmed by autopsy or surgery while part of them were confirmed by postnatal angiocardiography before surgery.The reasons of misdiagnosis were analyzed.Results In fifty-three cases of fetal cardiovascular abnormality,43 cases were found,2 cases were misdiagnosis while 8 cases were missed diagnosis.2 cases of misdiagnosis included 1 case of pulmonary valve stenosis and 1 case of tetralogy of Fallot.8 cases of miss diagnosis included 2 cases of inferior vena cava in ectopic drainage and 6 cases of ventricular septal defect (defect diameter ＜ 5 mm).The accuracy rate of diagnosis of fetal heart disease was 81.1 ％ by echocardiography.Conclusions Using high frequency probe,image zoom,enhancing the detection of vein-atrium connection and the structure of right ventricular outflow with pulmonary artery are important factors to avoid missed diagnosis and incomplete diagnosis.

Objective:To explore the reason why the CT manifestation of the patients with chronic nasosinusitis is negative.Method:To analyze the clinical and CT manifestation of the patients with chronic sinusitis having a negative CT manifestation.Result:Pathological changes were found in all 8 patients during the course of endoscopic sinus surgery, such as pus storing in the sinus cavity, mucous swelling polypoidly, small polyps formation and so on. Conclusion:The reasons that the patients with chronic sinusitis having a negative CT manifestation are, ①CT scan can only give a static one-off image, ② partial volume effect,③ maybe result from the location of CT scan and the resolving power of tomograph,④ maybe attribute to the pathological classify of chronic sinusitis.

BACKGROUND:Vertebral column resection is the frequently mentioned spinal orthopaedic concept. Due to the high requirement of the operation skil , difficulty and more complications, the previous studies have reported from different aspects, and many researchers have focused on the analysis of complications, that may be related with the procedure and manner. OBJECTIVE:To analyze the efficacy and complications of posterior vertebral column resection combined with titanium screw rod fixation for the treatment of severe spinal deformity. METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed 48 patients with severe spinal deformity who treated with posterior vertebral column resection and titanium screw rod fixation, with an average removal of 1.6 vertebral. The patients were fol owed-up for 15-64 months. The Cobb angle (coronal plane and sagittal plane) of the patients before treatment, after treatment and in the final fol ow-up was analyzed, and the relative complications of the surgery were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The patients with spinal deformity were divided into five categories, included kyphoscoliosis (n=11), severe scoliosis (n=20), congenital spinal deformity (n=4), spherical kyphosis (n=3), and angular kyphosis (n=10). The average coronal plane deformity angle of the patients was corrected from 84° preoperation to 35° postoperation, with the total correction rate of 54%. The average sagittal plane deformity angle was corrected from 90° preoperation to 42° postoperation, and the sagittal plane Cobb angle was decreased for 48°. The mean operation time was 545 minutes (204-1 355 minutes), the intraoperative blood loss was 1 610 mL (50-8 244 mL), and the average blood loss was 65%. After treatment, 31 cases had complications, including 13 cases of intraoperative neurological dysfunction (observed through electrophysiological monitoring and wake), permanent neurological dysfunction did not occur after timely treatment. The posterior vertebral column resection and titanium screw rod fixation can obtain better effect in the treatment of severe spinal deformity, but the procedure has high complications and is difficult for operation.

Objective To study the effects of tyrosine kinase receptor B-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (TrkB-BDNF) signal pathway on the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases-9(MMP-9) of neuroblastoma.Methods We used all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to induce the high expression of TrkB in the SH-SY5Y cell line,and then added the ectogenid BDNF to activate the TrkB-BDNF and its three downstream signal pathways.TrkB-BDNF signal pathway was inhibited by specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a.The three downstream signal pathway was respectively inhibited by LY294002 (the phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase (PI3 K) pathway inhibitor)、U73122 (the phospholipase C pathway inhibitor) 、U0126(the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor).Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the concentration of VEGF and MMP-9 protein in the SY5Y cell culture supernatants.Results VEGF [(485.89 ± 109.99) pg/ml] and MMP-9 [(15.73 ± 1.72) pg/ml] protein levels in neuroblastoma cells cultured in serum-free media in the group of ATRA + BDNF were significantly higher than that of the control group and ATRA alone group(P ＜0.05).VEGF [(272.42 ±86.33) pg/ml]and MMP-9 [(5.25 ± 1.44) pg/ml] protein levels in the group of ATRA + BDNF + K252a were significantly lower than those of the ATRA + BDNF group(P ＜ 0.05) and had no significant difference compared with the control group and the ATRA alone group(P ＞0.05).VEGF [(314.12 ±24.68) pg/ml] and MMP-9 [(4.91 ± 1.08) pg/ml] protein levels in the group of ATRA + BDNF + LY294002 were significantly lower than those of the ATRA + BDNF group(P ＜ 0.05) and had no significant difference compared with the control group and the ATRA alone group(P ＞0.05).VEGF [(444.08 ±64.49) pg/ml] and MMP-9 [(13.28 ±3.38) pg/ml] protein levels in neuroblastoma cells cultured in serum-free media in the group of ATRA +BDNF + U73122 had no significant difference compared with the ATRA + BDNF group(P ＞ 0.05).VEGF [(429.97 ± 19.95) pg/ml] and MMP-9 [(13.96 ± 4.45) pg/ml] protein levels in neuroblastoma cells cultured in serum-free media in the group of ATRA + BDNF + U0126 had no significant difference compared with the ATRA + BDNF group(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Activation of TrkB-BDNF signal pathway can increase the synthesis and secretion of VEGF and MMP-9 in human neuroblastoma cells.TrkB-BDNF signal pathway may be through activating its downstream PI3K pathway to increase the synthesis and secretion of VEGF and MMP-9 in human neuroblastoma cells.The synthesis and secretion of VEGF and MMP-9 can be inhibited by blocking the TrkB-BDNF signal pathway with K252a or blocking its downstream signal pathway PI3 K with LY294002.

Aquaporin4(AQP4),a member of the aquaporin family,is mainly expressed inastrocytes end-feet in the central nervous system. A large number of experimental studies have show n that AQP4 expression plays an important role in the occurrence, development, and regression of brain edema after different types of stroke. In addition, the AQP4 expression can affect the development process of cerebrovascular disease through the mechanisms such as affecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and promoting astrocyte migration, nerve regeneration, and neuroinflammatory response. Investigation of regulation mechanisms of AQP4 in transmembrane transport of substance in brain and intracel ular and extracel ular environmental balance and its expression in model of cerebrovascular disease have an important significance for understanding the occurrence, development, protection, and treatment of clinical cerebrovascular disease.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage is the most deadly type of stroke.Its 30-day mortality rate is nearly 40％.More than 30％ of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage will have hematoma growth,which lead to poor outcomes.In addition to the classic predictors,some inaging signs also have important implications for identifying hematoma growth,such as swirl sign,blend sign,and black hole sign on nonenhanced CT scans,extravasation sign on contrast-enhanced CT scans,spot sign on CT angiography,leak sign revealed by the modified imaging method,as well as the spot sign on CT peffusion imaging.

Objective To investigate the effects of fluvastatin on the tubulointerstitium damage in progressive diabetic kidney disease. Methods A rat model of type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN) was developed successfully by combination of dietary induced insulin resistance and low dose STZ induced hyperglycemia after unilateral nephrectomy. Female SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: control rats, type 2 diabetic rats and type 2 diabetic rats treated with fluvastatin (2mg/kg/d). After 6 weeks, blood glucose, serum insulin, serum triglyceride and cholesterol, serum creatinine, and urinary protein were measured respectively. The protein expressions of c Jun and tansforming growth factor (TGF) ? 1 were studied by immunohistochemistry. TGF ? 1 gene expression was studied with a RT PCR technique. Results Fluvastatin at lower doses, which did not influence blood glucose and blood lipid level, significantly inhibited expression of c Jun protein(0 2536?0 0180 vs 0 5855?0 0314, P