In filariasis the infectivity of the appropriate mosquito vector is not consistent with the microfilarial density of the host. The reason may be attributed such factors as the time of microfilarial appearance in the peripheral blood of the host, the time of maximum biting activity of the arthropod vector, or the morphological adaptation of the feeding mechanism of the vector. However, it is quite puzzling to see why the number of microfilariae taken up by mosquitoes is subjected such a great variation, even though the same batch of mosquitoes are fed on the same filarial host under same laboratory conditions. The experiment was designed to observe more detail aspect of this relation. Adult Aedes togoi (Theobald, 1907) mosquitoes were reared from egg rafes colonized in an insectary. Animals used were Taiwan monkeys, Macaca cyclopsis which had been artificially infected with Wucheria malayi. The animals showed the microfilarial counts as low as nil to ten per slide of 20 cmm3 of blood, which seem to be rather fortunate for this kind of work. The microfilarial density of each animal was counted by taking each ten smears of 20 cmm(3) of peripheral blood the ear lobes before and after mosquito bite. Feeding were done in two occations, during 1600-1630 and 1900-1930 hours of the same day. The monkeys were immobilized and a rayon cage, housed 100 female mosquitoes for two days starvation, was exposed to the shaved abdomen of each animal. Fully engorged mosquitoes were transferred to a square rearing cage, which was later placed in the insectary, where kept temperature of 23-27degree C and relative humidity of 80-85 per cent. It was found that filarial larvae of the mosquito body usually develop to the third or infective stage in about 10 days after blood meal under these conditions. Daily dissections were made of these mosquitoes, either living or dead, after one week of rearing. Analysing of the result, the following conclusion was made. The rate and intensity of infection in mosquitoes are not directly related to the blood counts of microfilariae of the host animals. This is perhaps due to fluctuations of microbial outflow in the peripheral blood of individual animals. The reason of this would be no doubt due to a patch type of microfilarial distribution in the host blood.
parasitology-arthropodology-mosquito ; Aedes togoi ; Macaca cyclopsis ; monkey ; protozoology ; Brugia malayi ; microfilaria ; animal

Mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) represent the most common known cause of monogenic human obesity.MC4R is a family of the five melanocortin receptors.It is an exon lying on chromosome 18.Studies have proved that there is a closed relationship between MC4R and weight regulation.MC4R mutation can result in severer adolescent obesity.

Objective To investigate the effect of valsartan combined with ginkgo biloba extract (EGB) in the treatment of early diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods All of 112 cases of early stage DN patients were randomly divided into treatment group (58 cases) and control group (54 cases). Two groups were given insulin to control blood gluoose and valsartan 80 mg/d. Meanwhile the treatment group was given EGB by intravenous infusion. The changes of urinary protein excretion rate (UAER), urinary β_2-microglobulin (β_2-MG), blood pressure, fasting glucose, serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) were compared. Results There was no significant difference in UAER, β_2-MG, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, FPG, BUN, SCr, TG and TC before treatment between two groups (P> 0.05). After treatment, they were improved in two groups compared with those before treatment(P < 0.05). Except for systolic blood pressure[(130 ± 13) mm Hg(1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) vs(129 ± 11) mm Hg], the improvement in treatment group was superior to that in control group(P<0.05). Conclusions Valsartan combined with EGB in treatment of early DN has significant synergies, and they can play roles with each other to prevent further deterioration of DN. This strategy is worthy to be popularized.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of leukotriene receptor antagonists in treatment of chronic cough. Methods Eighty-one patients with chronic cough, defined by the diagnostic protocol of chronic cough, were recruited. The including criteria are complaining cough 8 weeks or longer, age ≥ 14, nonsmoking or had quitted smoking≥4 weeks, not taking ACEI medicine, not complicated with gastroesophageal reflux related cough, upper airway cough syndrome (besides allergic rhinitis), tuberculosis of bronchus and with normal chest X-ray. Those diagnosed as cough variant asthma(CVA),allergic rhinitis (AR),eosinophilic bronchitis(EB),post infectious cough(PIC) were treated with leukotriene 10 mg daily at night. Results The 81 patients includes:36 cases of CVA,30 cases of AR,5 cases with EB,10 cases with PIC. After treatment based on diagnosis, cough disappeared in 67 patients, symptoms improved in 12 patients, and 2 patients' cough did not improved. Conclusions Leukotriene receptor antagonists is an aggressive anti-inflammatory therapy, which can release the symptom of cough and is an important medicine in the treatment of chronic cough.

Objective To investigate the effect of the degree of social support on treatment compliance, efficacy and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Methods A total of 67 patients diagnosed of Rome II irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were recruited into a low social support group (<35) and a high social support group (>45) according to the total score of social support. Treatment compliance, the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF Determination (WHOQCL-BREF) and the clinical efficacy respectively were measured and compared between the two groups. Results The treatment compliance of patients with IBS in SSRS high score group was (13.79±5.12). While the treatment compliance of IBS patients in SSRS low score group was (11.25± 4.28). The difference between the two groups was significant (t=2.01, P<0.05).WHOQCL-BREF physical field, psychological field, social relations field and the environment field of IBS patients in SSRS high score group were significantly higher than the SSRS low score group (P<0.05) . Obvious effective rate, effective rate, and total effective rate in SSRS high score group were also higher than the low SSRS score group, with a significant difference (P<0.05) . The subjective Support, objective support, support availability factors of social support have significantly positive correlations (P<0.05 or 0.01) with the treatment compliance and all WHOQCL-BREF factors except environment; WHOQCL-BREF environmental factor was only related with the objective support (P<0.05) . Conclusion A good effective social support is of great significance in improving treatment compliance , quality of life and clinical efficacy in patients with IBS.

Objective To investigate the change of serum cystatin C(Cys-C)in different stage of renal impairment in type 2 diabetic patients and evaluate the diagnostic value of serum Cys-C at early renal impairment in type 2 diabetes.Methods The level of serum cystatin C was detected by particleenhanced immunonephelometry in 137 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(including 78 cases of diabetic nephropathy).Urinary albumin excretion rate(UAER),serum albumin,creatinine,blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were detected at the same time,and then the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were calculated by MDRD equation.Results There was significant difference in serum level of Cys-C between normal albuminuria group and microalbuminuria group (P<0.05),and the latter was significantly different from macro-albuminuria group in serum level of Cys-C(P<0.01).The serum cystatin C in both micro-albuminuria group and macro-albuminuria group was significantly correlative to the glomerular filtration rate (P<0.01).Conclusion Serum cystatin C can be used as a marker in early renal impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Mimic pulsatile flow system is the optimal device to assess the hydrodynamic performance of mechanical valvular prostheses, but few studies concern about the performance of mimic pulsatile flow system and the effect of mimic cardiac ventricle driving curve on hydrodynamic performance of mechanical valvular prostheses. OBJECTIVE: To research the effect of cardiac ventricle driving curve on the hydrodynamic performance of mechanical valvular prostheses under physiological condition DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: This study, a control observation, was carried out in the Hydrodynamics Laboratory,Biomedical Engineering Center, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University (Chengdu, Sichuan, China)from April 1999 to February 2000.MATERIALS: Mimic pulsatile flow system was adopted, with the mimic cardiac output at 4 L per minute and heart rate at75 beats per minute. METHODS: The mimic puisatile flow system was implanted with 25 nun Carbo Medics bileaflet prosthesis into the aortic valve position, with 27 mm Bj(o)rk-Shiley tilting disc prosthesis into the mitral valve position. Standard cardiac ventricle driving curve was employed to test the system parameters and maintain the aortic pressure at 16.0/10.7 kPa (120/80 mm Hg).Experimental liquid was a mixtrue of saline and glycerine, at a viscosity of 3.5noa·s(3.5Cp)and a density of 1.06g/cm3.The mimic flow system kept at an unchanged level of ventricular end diastolic volume, aorta arterial compliance, peripheral resistance and peripheral compliance. The coordinate on several points of standard cardiac ventricle driving curve was modified to define 4 control curves, followed by a series of procedures, such as automatic interpolation, fitting, waveform smoothing and filtering. The hydrodynamic performance of each controlled curve was also tested. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mean transvaivular pressure gradient, effective orifice area, closing volume and leakage volume of mechanical valvular prostheses were evaluated in five cardiac ventricle driving curves.RESULTS: The cardiac ventricle driving curves developed morphological changes within physiological conditions,subsequently induced a 2.9% variance of mean transvalvular pressure gradient, 1.5% variance of effective orifice area, 6.6%variance of closing volume and 3.6% variance of leakage volume.CONCLUSION: The cardiac ventricle driving curve has a certain effect on the hydrodynamic performance of mechanical valvular prosthesis, thereby leads to an adverse effect on the objectivity and comparability of the hydrodynamic evaluation.

The authors present a study on the pathological features of 45 spleens which were splenectomised by immune thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) from 1/1/1990 to 31/12/1997 at Viet Duc hospital, 43/45 were women, age from 12 to 50, in which 35/45 were under 30 ages. Weight and sexe of these spleens were observed. They are in normal size or rather enlarged, but their weight are hyperplasis, but no sclerosis and nomalignacy: neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages and sometimes megakaryocytes may be found in the red
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic ; Pathology

Men were susceptible to HIV in the special condition. The HIV/AIDS prevention and control program of United Nation recognized some groups of men that should be considered including men working in dangerous sites, army, far from their home, continuous changed there offices, prisoner and street men.
HIV ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Comprehensive care for HIV/AIDS patients in community is very necessary. The author advances 3 solution groups: infectious source includes drug use, vaccine, advisory control, treatment; infectious way include sterile instrument use; sensory body include realizing safely behaviours in infection. These are also opinions of our State "considering people with HIV are patients" to create opportunity for them to integrate with community life
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; HIV ; Communicable Diseases