Men were susceptible to HIV in the special condition. The HIV/AIDS prevention and control program of United Nation recognized some groups of men that should be considered including men working in dangerous sites, army, far from their home, continuous changed there offices, prisoner and street men.
HIV ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Comprehensive care for HIV/AIDS patients in community is very necessary. The author advances 3 solution groups: infectious source includes drug use, vaccine, advisory control, treatment; infectious way include sterile instrument use; sensory body include realizing safely behaviours in infection. These are also opinions of our State "considering people with HIV are patients" to create opportunity for them to integrate with community life
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; HIV ; Communicable Diseases

12th International Conference on AIDS was organized in 1998 in Geneva with aim 'Shorten the Distance'. The conference presented some major achievements of AIDS control including vaccine development, treatment (drug combination, early treatment, optimal and alternative treatment in the long-term, multitherapy and optimal inhibition of each drug, dosage and drug resistance).
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; HIV

The discrimination, differential treatment, refusal and uncovering of secrete related with HIV/AIDS affected badly on the HIV/AIDS control, care and treatment of HIV/AIDS patients, families and community. The anti-discrimination and anti differential treatment for patients with HIV/AIDS is a leading priority of the AIDS control in the world.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; therapeutics

It should be assured that at least 90% of young people (in the year 2005) and 95% of them (in 2010) with ages of 15-24 will approach to the education and information of HIV/AIDS, including the peer and specific education. The essential services and living experiences should be provided to young people to reduce the susceptibility of them for HIV. The comprehensive relations between parents, families, school and health staffs should be strengthened in the HIV/AIDS prevention and control. It should also equip the full, thorough information of HIV/AIDS for young people
HIV ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

In 1999, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has developed rapidly and spread widely to 61 out of 61 provinces and cities. The epidemic has developed mainly in drug injected users, but it tends to increase in sex industrial workers and develop to general population, especially in thirties. HIV/AIDS remains an urgent problem now because of increase in number, expanse in geography, younger in age and tends to invade more deeply to general population.
HIV ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

The authors present a study on the pathological features of 45 spleens which were splenectomised by immune thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) from 1/1/1990 to 31/12/1997 at Viet Duc hospital, 43/45 were women, age from 12 to 50, in which 35/45 were under 30 ages. Weight and sexe of these spleens were observed. They are in normal size or rather enlarged, but their weight are hyperplasis, but no sclerosis and nomalignacy: neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages and sometimes megakaryocytes may be found in the red
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic ; Pathology

In filariasis the infectivity of the appropriate mosquito vector is not consistent with the microfilarial density of the host. The reason may be attributed such factors as the time of microfilarial appearance in the peripheral blood of the host, the time of maximum biting activity of the arthropod vector, or the morphological adaptation of the feeding mechanism of the vector. However, it is quite puzzling to see why the number of microfilariae taken up by mosquitoes is subjected such a great variation, even though the same batch of mosquitoes are fed on the same filarial host under same laboratory conditions. The experiment was designed to observe more detail aspect of this relation. Adult Aedes togoi (Theobald, 1907) mosquitoes were reared from egg rafes colonized in an insectary. Animals used were Taiwan monkeys, Macaca cyclopsis which had been artificially infected with Wucheria malayi. The animals showed the microfilarial counts as low as nil to ten per slide of 20 cmm3 of blood, which seem to be rather fortunate for this kind of work. The microfilarial density of each animal was counted by taking each ten smears of 20 cmm(3) of peripheral blood the ear lobes before and after mosquito bite. Feeding were done in two occations, during 1600-1630 and 1900-1930 hours of the same day. The monkeys were immobilized and a rayon cage, housed 100 female mosquitoes for two days starvation, was exposed to the shaved abdomen of each animal. Fully engorged mosquitoes were transferred to a square rearing cage, which was later placed in the insectary, where kept temperature of 23-27degree C and relative humidity of 80-85 per cent. It was found that filarial larvae of the mosquito body usually develop to the third or infective stage in about 10 days after blood meal under these conditions. Daily dissections were made of these mosquitoes, either living or dead, after one week of rearing. Analysing of the result, the following conclusion was made. The rate and intensity of infection in mosquitoes are not directly related to the blood counts of microfilariae of the host animals. This is perhaps due to fluctuations of microbial outflow in the peripheral blood of individual animals. The reason of this would be no doubt due to a patch type of microfilarial distribution in the host blood.
parasitology-arthropodology-mosquito ; Aedes togoi ; Macaca cyclopsis ; monkey ; protozoology ; Brugia malayi ; microfilaria ; animal

Objective To investigate the change of serum cystatin C(Cys-C)in different stage of renal impairment in type 2 diabetic patients and evaluate the diagnostic value of serum Cys-C at early renal impairment in type 2 diabetes.Methods The level of serum cystatin C was detected by particleenhanced immunonephelometry in 137 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(including 78 cases of diabetic nephropathy).Urinary albumin excretion rate(UAER),serum albumin,creatinine,blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were detected at the same time,and then the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were calculated by MDRD equation.Results There was significant difference in serum level of Cys-C between normal albuminuria group and microalbuminuria group (P<0.05),and the latter was significantly different from macro-albuminuria group in serum level of Cys-C(P<0.01).The serum cystatin C in both micro-albuminuria group and macro-albuminuria group was significantly correlative to the glomerular filtration rate (P<0.01).Conclusion Serum cystatin C can be used as a marker in early renal impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: The application of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has been a great impetus to clinical hypertension research in respect of the liability, differentiation between high-risk and low-risk patients and the therapeutic effect of antihypertensive drugs. Therefore, in this study we reviewed recent research on ABPM in the prevention and early intervention of hypertension. DATA SOURCF: Related articles were retrieved by computer in the Medline between January 1993 and January 2002, with the key words of 'ambulatory blood pressure monitoring', 'hypertension', 'life satisfaction', 'effect factors'and 'blood pressure monitoring' and the language confined to English. STUDY SELECTION: After the first trial, literature containing research randomized controlled clinical trial and review on the confirmed primary,allel control group. Repetitive studies were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION: We selected a total of 20 articles on the association of ABPM with the prevention and early intervention of hypertension, 7of which accorded with the inclusion criteria. The other 13 articles were excluded because 10 of them had little relevance to the objective of our study and 13 were repetitive studies.DATA SYNTHESIS: ABPM was used to assess general BP profile, the peak level of drug action and lasting time under various states, such as resting, instable emotion, as well as movement and sleep. Then the safe dosage and medication time were draw up according to the peak-effect (the maximum decrement of diastolic pressure and systolic pressure after a dosage administration) and the valley effect (the decreasing amplitude when completing a dosage medication), as well as the relationship between them, aiming to keep the antihypertensive peak-to-valley ratio above 60%,which guaranteed the stable antihypertensive effect within 24 hours and was beneficial to the individualized treatment. CONCLUSION: ABPM can decide whether patients with hypertension need earlier intervention, and has been used in the assessment of therapeutic effect. It is also considered as an important independent predictor for the occurrence of hypertension complications. Twenty-four hours ABPM can not only determine the type of hypertension, but also keep the patients informed of their BP fluctuation profile at any time in order to avoid hypotension when sleeping, thus helping prevent severe hypertension complications such as stroke. Furthermore, ABPM can predict the severity of hypertension, and BP variation and day-night fluctuation, which provides guidance for the early intervention, correct medication and regular life.