OBJECTIVETo set up the optimums for the stem-tip tissue culture of Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivated in Anhui Province.

METHODSmall sections (about 0.5 mm in length) from the stem-tips were isolated and inoculated with different media, and induced to form the whole plantlet formation.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe MS medium added with 6-BA 2 mg.L-1 + NAA 0.2 mg.L-1 was the optimum medium for the bud sprouting and the inducing rate was over 80% after 40 d cultivation on this modified medium. The MS medium supplemented with 6-BA 2 mg.L-1 and NAA 0.5 mg.L-1 was the optimum medium for the multiplication of the adventitious buds in which the bud multiplication was about 4-7 times higher after 25-30 d cultivation. The plantlet could root well on the MS medium with NAA 0.5 mg.L-1.

Chrysanthemum ; growth & development ; Culture Techniques ; Plant Stems ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of light intensity on growth and photosynthetic of Chrysanthemum morifolium.

METHODThe growth characteristics of C. morifolium were measured under different treatments (100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% of full sunlight). The photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of leaves under different light intensity were determined by a LI-6400 photosynthesis system and a PAM-2100 chlorophyll fluorescence system.

RESULTWith the reduction of irradiance, the diameter of the stem reduced, plant height, leaf length, leaf width and length/width raised, assimilation product increased; Content of photosynthetic pigment increased between light intensity 100%-40% reduced under 20% treatment, chlorophyll a/b decreased. Light compensation point (LCP), apparent quantum yield (AQY) increased first and reduced later, photosynthesis rate (P(n)), stomatal conductance (G(s)), intercellular CO2 concentration (C(i)) and transpiration rate (T(r)) decreased, stomatal limitation value (L(s)) rose. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters F(v)/F(m) increased, phiPS II, F(v)'/F(m)', ETR and qP increased between irradiance 100%-60%, NPQ decreased, such as phiPS II decreased and NPQ increased when irradiance was lower than 40%.

CONCLUSIONWeak light condition was unfavorable to the growth of C. morifolium and the light conditions of culture should be control between 80%-60% of full sunlight.

Biomass ; Chrysanthemum ; growth & development ; physiology ; radiation effects ; Photosynthesis ; radiation effects

In this paper, five field density treatments were set up in the field plot experiment, which were 2 500,3 000,5 000,6 660,8 000 plants/mu(1 mu≈667 m~2). The agronomic traits, economic traits, mineral element absorption and the content of effective components of Chrysanthemum morifolium under different densities were studied. The results showed that dense planting could significantly reduce the number of secondary branches of Ch. morifolium and the yield per plant, but significantly increase the population yield of Ch. morifolium. The yield of Ch. morifolium was the highest when the density was 8 000 plants/mu, but the effect of increasing yield would gradually decrease with the increase of planting density. With the increase of planting density, the N, P and Mg elements in flowers firstly increased and then decreased. The N element content in leaves increased gradually, which showed that increasing the planting density within a certain range could increase the absorption of N, P and Mg elements in flowers and leaves of Ch. morifolium. The contents of rutin, chlorogenic acid and 3,5-O-dicaffeoyl quinic acid in Ch. morifolium showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of planting density. When the planting density was 5 500,5 000,3 750 plants/mu, the content of chlorogenic acid, rutin and 3,5-O-dicaffeyl quinic acid had the maximum value. The content of luteolin in Ch. morifolium decreased gradually with the increase of planting density. When the planting density was 7 143 plants/mu, the content of luteolin was the minimum. Considering factors such as yield and active ingredient content, the cultivation density of 5 000 plants/mu(row spacing 40 cm×30 cm) can be selected for standard planting of Ch. morifolium.
Chrysanthemum/growth & development* ; Flowers/chemistry* ; Phytochemicals/analysis* ; Plant Leaves/chemistry*

OBJECTIVETo provide the basis for standardization cultivation of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium, the relationship between the seedling grading and plant growth, yield and quality were studied.

METHODThe morphological index of the seedlings was measured and the method of principal component and correlation analysis were used to determine the grading index, and step-wise cluster analysis was applied for clustering analysis. Pot experiments were used to measure the indicators of plant growth and development, yield and quality.

RESULTThe height and ground diameter were determined for the quality indicators of the seedlings grading, and the standard quality grading of seedlings of Ch. morifolium was initially set up. The ground diameter of the class I and II were larger than that of the class III, and the number of branches of class I and II was more than that of the class III, on the contrary, the plant height of the class III was higher than that of the class I and II. The shape and appearance of the plant had no effect on the intrinsic quality. Flower center diameter and tubular floret number of the class I and II were significantly larger than those of the class III, so as the yield. The seedling grading had no obvious effect on the internal quality of medicinal material.

CONCLUSIONSeedlings of the class I and class II were suitable for transplanting.

Chrysanthemum ; growth & development ; Flowers ; growth & development ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Seedlings ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo set up the optimums for the leaf tissue culture of Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivated in Anhui Province.

METHODLeaves were cut and cultured onto the same kind of media on different sides and defferent kinds of media on the same side, and induced to form the whole plantlet.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONAll the media used could induce callus, while the results of callus redifferentiation were very distinct. The media with NAA 0.1 mg.L-1 + 6-BA 0.1-1.0 mg.L-1 were much better than others when callus were induced. The MS medium with 6-BA 2.0 mg.L-1 and NAA 0.5 mg.L-1 was the preferable medium for the bud sprouting. The regenerated plantlets produced variation of leaf shape.

Chrysanthemum ; growth & development ; Culture Media ; Culture Techniques ; methods ; Plant Leaves ; growth & development ; Plants, Medicinal ; growth & development

OBJECTIVEBotanical characters of germplasm resources of Chrysanthemum morifolium for medicine were observed and compared, which could offer reference for its genetic improvement and germplasm resources protection.

METHODBased on the random blocks field experiments design, twenty-six morphological traits were observed. The morphological differences among germplasm resources were compared by principal component analysis and cluster analysis.

RESULTThe coefficient of variation values for 17 of 26 traits indicated a high level of variation (above 20%). Six principal components which accounted for 77.14% of total variance were extracted from the principal component analysis. The 29 germplasm resources could be divided into two clusters.

CONCLUSIONThere were large morphological variation among germplasm resources on Ch. morifolium for medicine.

China ; Chrysanthemum ; anatomy & histology ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Plants, Medicinal ; anatomy & histology ; chemistry ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo study the salt stress tolerance of Hongxinju, Huangju and F1 seedlings from orthogonal and reciprocal cross under different salt treatments. Grope for transmissibility of salt tolerance between parents and F1 seedlings, and relativity between flavone, chlorogenic acid contents and salt tolerance.

METHODThe materials were put in 5 different concentrations of Hoagland nutrient solution (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 mmol x L(-1)) containing NaCl, keeping grads while raising the consistency of NaCl day by day. The injured leaf area per plant, proline, betaine, MDA, flavones and chlorogenic acid contents were measured and analyzed after treatment.

RESULTAs NaCl concentration was below 120 mmol x L(-1), the salt tolerance of Hongxinju was higher than that of Huangju, the salt tolerance of Hongxinju x Huangju higher than that of parents, the salt tolerance of Huangju x Hongxinju was at the level of parents. As NaCl concentration between 120 to 160 mmol x L(-1), the salt tolerance of Huangju was higher than that of Hongxinju, the salt tolerance of Huangju x Hongxinju higher than that of parents and the salt tolerance of Hongxinju x Huangju was at the level of parents.

CONCLUSIONSalt tolerance of F1 is more influenced by female parent, relativity showed between flavonoids, chlorogenic acid contents and salt tolerance.

Breeding ; China ; Chlorides ; metabolism ; Chrysanthemum ; genetics ; growth & development ; physiology ; Salt-Tolerance ; Seedlings ; genetics ; growth & development ; physiology

A minimal data set( MDS) for soil fertility evaluation of Chrysanthemum plantation areas of Macheng city was established by principal component analysis( PCA) combined with Norm values of soil fertility indices and correlation coefficients among indices. A radar map was used to visually reflect the fertility level of individual indicators. Then,the comprehensive index model was used to calculate the soil fertility quality index( SFQI),and the values of SFQI was used to cluster,and the results showed that MDS was composed of five indicators: organic matter( OM),total phosphate( TP),available phosphorus( Av P),available magnesium( Av Mg) and available ferrum( Av Fe). Radar maps showed that the fertility of available phosphorus( Av P) and available copper( Av Cu) was mostly different in the two town,and the fertility of available ferrum( Av Fe) is smallest different. Except for the effective manganese( Av Mn) fertility level of Huangtugang town was higher than that of Futianhe town,the rest were lower than that of Futianhe town. Through analysis,the sensitivity of SFQI value calculated by taking the contribution rate of MDS index in the principal component of the whole data set( TDS) as the weight was the highest,MDS could better replace TDS. The value of SFQI-MDS ranged from 0. 353 to 0. 833,with an average value of 0. 604 and a coefficient of variation of 22%. The results of SFQI-MDS clustering showed that soil fertility could be divided into four categories: grade Ⅰ( 0. 727-0. 833) was superior,accounting for 25. 0%,grade Ⅱ( 0. 615-0. 681)was good,accounting for 29. 2%,mainly distributed in Futianhe Town,grade Ⅲ( 0. 494-0. 589) was medium,accounting for29. 1%,and grade Ⅳ( 0. 353-0. 419) was poor,accounting for 16. 7%,mainly distributed in Huangtugang town. Soil fertility of Futianhe town was better than that of Huangtugang town. It is suggested that boron fertilizer and potassium fertilizer should be supplemented to Chrysanthemum morifolium in production practice,and the amount of phosphate fertilizer,magnesium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer should be increased appropriately. At the same time,the amount of organic fertilizer should be increased to enhance soil fertility and improve soil physical and chemical properties.
China ; Chrysanthemum/growth & development* ; Fertilizers ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphates ; Phosphorus ; Plants, Medicinal/growth & development* ; Soil/chemistry*

OBJECTIVETo compare botanical characteristics of cultivated Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hangju' of different origins in order to provide the basis for introduction and cultivation of Ch. morifolium cv. 'Hangju'.

METHODThe characteristics of plants, leaves and capitulum of Ch. morifolium cv. 'Hangju' were measured, and the obtained data were analyzed and compared.

RESULTThe range of plant height was 60.87-99.47 cm, number of branches 2.76-5.20, leave length 4.90-8.40 cm, leave width 3.25-5.38 cm, aspect ratio of leave 1.35-1.83, number of leave split 1.92-3.08. Numbers of capitulum were 21.92-53.12, diameter of capitulum 3.41-5.48 cm, lays of ray florets 3.28-7.16, number of ray florets 55.32-114.60, ray florets length 1.58-2.37 cm, ray florets width 0.50-0.69 cm, aspect ratio of ray florets 2.90-3.99, diameter of tubular flower 1.10-1.58 cm.

CONCLUSIONThe botanical characteristics of cultivated Ch. morifolium cv. 'Hangju' were distinguished from different origins. With the cultivation environment change, the botanical characteristics of the cultivars are changed.

China ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Flowers ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; growth & development

Leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium were potential medicinal resource. The present study aims to estimate the main bioactive components: total flavonoids (TF), galuteolin (GA), quercitrin (QU), chlorogenic acid (CA) and 3 ,5-O-caffeoylquinic acid ( CQ), which were considered to be the main effective components, in leaves of C. morfolium cultivars in China. The TF content was estimated hy UV-VIS spectrophotometry, while GA, QU, CA, and CQ were quantitatively determined by HPLC. The highest TF content (7. 13% w/w) was found in cultivar Wan Cong (Shexian county). Cultivar Da Bo ( Bozhou county) had the highest GA content (33. 45 mg - g-1); Cultivar Hong Xin (Sheyang county) contained the highest QU content (29.25 mg · g(-1)); Cultivar Chang Ban (Sheyang county) had the highest CA content (13.14 mg ·(-1)). The maximum CQ content (7.35 mg · g(-1)) was observed in culti- r Da Yang ( Tongxiang county). Different cultivars of C. morfolium had significant difference in components, but the leaf and capitulum of C. morifolium. were found to possess similar chemical compositions. The high content of bioactive components in several cultivars suggested the potential utilization of C. morifolium leaves.
China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry