Thirteen compounds were isolated from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum by chromatographic techniques. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as acacetin-7-0-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), luteolin (2), luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), acaciin (4), acacetin 7-0-(6"-0-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-sophoroside (5), 3-0-caffeoylquinic acid (6), syringaresinol 0-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), 5,7-dihydroxychromone (8), uracil (9), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (10), 4-0-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzoic acid (11), boscialin (12), blumenol A (13). Compounds 5, 7, 8, 11-13 were isolated from C. indicum for the first time.
Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Organic Chemicals ; analysis ; isolation & purification

In this paper, five field density treatments were set up in the field plot experiment, which were 2 500,3 000,5 000,6 660,8 000 plants/mu(1 mu≈667 m~2). The agronomic traits, economic traits, mineral element absorption and the content of effective components of Chrysanthemum morifolium under different densities were studied. The results showed that dense planting could significantly reduce the number of secondary branches of Ch. morifolium and the yield per plant, but significantly increase the population yield of Ch. morifolium. The yield of Ch. morifolium was the highest when the density was 8 000 plants/mu, but the effect of increasing yield would gradually decrease with the increase of planting density. With the increase of planting density, the N, P and Mg elements in flowers firstly increased and then decreased. The N element content in leaves increased gradually, which showed that increasing the planting density within a certain range could increase the absorption of N, P and Mg elements in flowers and leaves of Ch. morifolium. The contents of rutin, chlorogenic acid and 3,5-O-dicaffeoyl quinic acid in Ch. morifolium showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of planting density. When the planting density was 5 500,5 000,3 750 plants/mu, the content of chlorogenic acid, rutin and 3,5-O-dicaffeyl quinic acid had the maximum value. The content of luteolin in Ch. morifolium decreased gradually with the increase of planting density. When the planting density was 7 143 plants/mu, the content of luteolin was the minimum. Considering factors such as yield and active ingredient content, the cultivation density of 5 000 plants/mu(row spacing 40 cm×30 cm) can be selected for standard planting of Ch. morifolium.
Chrysanthemum/growth & development* ; Flowers/chemistry* ; Phytochemicals/analysis* ; Plant Leaves/chemistry*

Eight compounds from six Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hangju' were determined and multivariate statistics, including principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) were used to investigate the potential damaging effect of sulfr-fumigating process. Meanwhile, S, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb were also detected by using ICP-MS and ICP-OES. In this study, dramatic chemical changes were found that the contents of flavonoid aglycones remarkably increased while those of glycosides and hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids were significantly reduced. The PCA score plots showed six samples were clearly classified into the non-fumigated and sulfur-fumigated types. And according to VIP > 1, the most important chemical markers were luteolin, apigenin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside which indicated that the extracted three components might have a marked effect on the discrimination among different group samples. And then, it was found that the residue of sulfur of SHJ were significantly higher than NHJ (P < 0.05). The established approach was applied to rapidly discriminate sulfur-fumigated HJ with combining the quantitative chemical analysis and multivariate statistical analysis, and then the result will provide some evidence to evaluat the quality of HJ and control its processing.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Fumigation ; methods ; Sulfur ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate hydroxyproline tolerance of Chrysanthemum morifolium plantlets included " Boju", "Huaiju", "Chuju", "Gongju" and "Hangju",and provide references basis for excellent cultivar and breeding of Ch. morifolium.

METHODPlantlets in vitro from five kinds of Ch. morifolium were inoculated on medium added with different concentrations of hydroxyproline. Free proline in leaves from plantlets was determined, then the damage index and survival rate were compared.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe results showed that hydroxyproline tolerance of " Boju" and "Huaiju" were superior, the survival rates and free proline of them were higher, but the damage index was inferior. The hydroxyproline tolerance of "Hangju" was the worst, and the survival rate was minimum. The survival rate of "Chuju" and "Gongju" was between "Boju" and " Hangju", and the hydroxyproline tolerance of them was also medium.

Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; classification ; metabolism ; Culture Techniques ; Hydroxyproline ; analysis ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo provide the foundation for reasonable utilization by analysing the essential oils of Flos chrysanthemi Indici in different areas.

METHODThe essential oils were extracted by using steam distillation and separated with GC capillary columns. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and were identified with GC-MS.

RESULTS18, 17 and 20 compounds of essential oils from Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei were identified.

CONCLUSIONThere are significant differences among the components and contents of essential oils of Flos chrysanthemi Indici from Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei.

Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Climate ; Ecology ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Seasons

OBJECTIVETo study pre-treatment in determining total polysaccharide in flos Chrysanthemi Indici.

METHODThe factors including the extraction temperature, extraction time, ratio of material to liquid were studied. The best extraction condition was found through the response surface design.

RESULTThe best extraction condition as follows: 81.0 degrees C of the extraction temperature, 1.6 h of extraction time, and the ratio of material to water as 1: 29. On these conditions the extraction rate of flos Chrysanthemi Indici was the best.

CONCLUSIONA model equation that can be used to predict the experiment is established through the response surface method.

Analytic Sample Preparation Methods ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo ascertain extraction technology condition for extract and flavonoids from Chrysanthum morifoliwn.

METHODThe optimizing ultrasonic extraction condition on the basis of extractive yield and flavonoids were determined by orthogonal design.

RESULTThe order of factors which affected the flavonoid extraction was extraction times > ethanol concentration > ultrasonic time > solvent quantity.

CONCLUSIONThe optimum ultrasonic extractions are A2B3C3D3. Compared with traditional extraction, ultraction method is timesaving, simple to operate, stable and need not be heated.

Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

OBJECTIVETo analyze the chemical components of the essential oil extracted from six cultivars' Juhua (Zaogongju, Wangongju, Huangyaoju, Chuju, Xiaoboju and Daboju) produced in Anhui province of China, which were breed from Chrysanthemum morifolium, and to provide scientific basis for quality control.

METHODThe essential oils of the six cultivars'Juhua were extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and identified by GC-MS.

RESULTFrom Zaogongju, Wangongju, Huangyaoju, Chuju, Xiaoboju and Daboju, 247, 226, 246, 182, 216 and 122 chromatographic peaks were detected, among them 75, 54, 78, 50, 53 and 43 components were identified,which were composed of 85.67%, 82.80%, 81.38%, 73.22%, 71.51% and 72.87% of the total essential oil, respectively.

CONCLUSIONMonoterpenoid compounds were higher more than sesquiterpenoid compounds in the five juhua except for Chuju. There was no difference in the constituents of essential oil of Zaogongju and Wangongju. And verbenyl acetate was the main chemical constituent and composed of 32.10% and 37.85% of the total essential oil, respectively. (1R)-Camphor and bisabolol oxide A were the main chemical constituents in Huangyaoju, which were composed of 28.70% and 12.58% of the total essential oil, respectively. beta-Selinene and borneol were the main chemical constituents in Chuju, which were composed of 17.85% and 12.84% of the total essential oil, respectively. Eucalyptol was the main chemical constituent in Xiaoboju, which were composed of 21.33%. Verbene oxides and chrysanthenone were composed of 25.32% and 8.26% of the total essential oil, respectively, in the Daboju. The common chemical constituents were camphene, borneol, bornyl aceate, (1R)-camphor, (-)-4-terpineol, alpha-terpineol, eucalyptol, cis-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, juniper camphor, beta-sesquiphellandrene, alpha-curcumene and beta-farnesene in the six cultivars' Juhua produced in Anhui province of China. The resultant data provided the further evidences to distinguish Juhua' cultivars and scientific basis for quality control of Juhua.

Boranes ; chemistry ; Bornanes ; chemistry ; Camphor ; chemistry ; China ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Cyclohexanols ; chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Monoterpenes ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; Sesquiterpenes ; chemistry ; Terpenes ; chemistry ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes ; chemistry

OBJECTIVEA method for separation and purification of flavonoids from C. indicum with macroporous resin was studied.

METHODBy using C. indicum in Guizhou as the materials and with the content and recovery rate of flavonoids as indexes, the static and dynamic adsorption tests were employed to investigated effects and affective factors of separation and purification of flavonoids from C. indicum with macroporous resin.

RESULTResults show that the static adsorption capacity of AB-8 type resin was 114.65 mg x g(-1), the static elution ratio were 94.9%, the dynamic adsorption capacity of AB-8 type resin was 94.5 mg x g(-1), the recovery rate was more than 92.6% and the purity of flavonoids was more than 90%. AB-8 type resin is the best for separating and purificating C. indicum in flavonoids.

CONCLUSIONThe optimum conditions is AB-8 type macroporous resin, 70% alcohol as the eluant and 2 to approximately 3 times volume of the resin as the eluant volume, the ratio of flavonoids to the volume of the resin as 1:10.6, concentration of flavonoids of sample as 19.8 mg x mL(-1) and current velocity as 2 to approximately 3 mL x min(-1), pH value of sample as 4 to approximately 5. [Key words]' macroporous resin; Chrysanthemum indicum; flavonoids; separation; purification

Adsorption ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Ethanol ; Flavonoids ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Resins, Synthetic ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

OBJECTIVETo study the stability of chlorogenic acid, cynaroside and 3,5-O-discaffeoylquinc acid in Hangbaiju and Gongju and to predict their term of validity.

METHODHangbaiju and Gongju were incubated in an environmental chamber at different temperatures and relative humidities. After the incubation, quantitative determination of chlorogenic acid, cynaroside, 3,5-O-discaffeoylquinc acid in Hangbaiju and Gongju were measured by HPLC. The effective period of the preparation was calculated according to Arrhinius index law. Quantitative determination of 3,5-O-discaffeoylquinc acid, cynaroside, chlorogenic acid in Hangju and Gongju were analyzed by HPLC.

RESULTThe stable life of Hangbaiju has been determined as 2.25 years. The stable life of Gongju has been determined as 4.31 years.

CONCLUSIONThe high temperature is not conducive to the stability of Hangbaiju and Gongju, which needs to be placed in a dark and cool place.

Chlorogenic Acid ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Drug Stability ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Temperature