No abstract available.
Epidemiology* ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive*

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem. It is the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the United States, and is projected to rank fifth in 2020 in burden of disease caused worldwide. Objective: To research the epidemiology of COPD in the population of Bac Giang city and finding out the risk factors of COPD. Subjects and method: Cross-sectional survey of general population sample of 2,104 men and women with the age \ufffd?0 years in 30 wards of 11 communes of Bac Giang city. Data on respiratory symptoms, diseases, and risk factors were collected. Lung function tests were performed with Spiroanalyzer snoo, Japan. Results and conclusions: The incidence of COPD was 2.3%; in men 3.0% and in women 1.7%. The incidence of simple chronic bronchitis was 6.4%. People who smoked had higher rate of COPD than the others (OR = 2.8). The incidence of smoking in COPD was 55.9%. The three most important risk factors of COPD was the age \ufffd?0; smoking >15 pack/year and medical history of asthma.
Pulmonary Disease ; Chronic Obstructive/ epidemiology

3606 inpatients at the Department of Pneumology of Bach Mai Hospital from 1 Jan 1996 to 31 Dec 2000 were studied retrospectively. 904 patients accquired COPD, ie in the first rank, among them 142 with the chronical cardio-pulmonary complication male/female ratio was 2.13, age above 50 was 81.6%; 275/299 have had the smoking habit. The common symptoms were cough with sputum 80.75%, dyspnea 78.65%, rale 42%. 238 patients underwent an exam of ventilation function with FEV1 56.5  27.35% in comparing with theorical value, FEV1/FVC = 64  24.55%. 10/89 patients had FEV1/FVC > 75% but Tiffeneau index FEV1/VC < 70%. Average duration of hospital days was 12.9 days.
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; disease ; epidemiology

Chronic Disease ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVES: The rapid growth of health expenditure has always been the focus of health policy. This study aims to project health expenditure in Shanghai and to carry out policy simulations on the impact of chronic disease prevention programs on health costs in the Healthy Shanghai Initiative. METHODS: Based on the Shanghai health accounts, component-based model was used to project Shanghai total health expenditure of 2020-2035, and the policy stimulation was implemented. RESULTS: In 2020-2035, Shanghai's health expenditure is expected to grow continually, the proportion of total health expenditure in GDP will exceed 8.00% in 2023, reach 9.00% in 2025, and 10.03% in 2035. The proportion of current health expenditure in GDP will exceed 8.00% in 2024 and reach 9.55% in 2035. The chronic disease prevention plan help saving the medical expenditure of respiratory diseases,endocrine system diseases, and circulatory system diseases, accounting 3.28% to 10.58% of total health expenditure. CONCLUSIONS The sustainability of health financing in Shanghai is facing challenges under the new normal of economy. It is necessary to promote the prevention and control of chronic diseases and strengthen cost control from both the supply and demand sides.
China/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease ; Health Expenditures ; Humans

Currently, non-communicable chronic diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and a large proportion of chronic diseases are preventable through risk factor management. However, the prevention efficacy at the individual level is not yet satisfactory. Chronic disease prediction models have been developed to assist physicians and individuals in clinical decision-making. A chronic disease prediction model assesses multiple risk factors together and estimates an absolute disease risk for the individual. Accurate prediction of an individual's future risk for a certain disease enables the comparison of benefits and risks of treatment, the costs of alternative prevention strategies, and selection of the most efficient strategy for the individual. A large number of chronic disease prediction models, especially targeting cardiovascular diseases and cancers, have been suggested, and some of them have been adopted in the clinical practice guidelines and recommendations of many countries. Although few chronic disease prediction tools have been suggested in the Korean population, their clinical utility is not as high as expected. This article reviews methodologies that are commonly used for developing and evaluating a chronic disease prediction model and discusses the current status of chronic disease prediction in Korea.
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Chronic Disease/*epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; *Models, Theoretical ; Risk Factors

Currently, non-communicable chronic diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and a large proportion of chronic diseases are preventable through risk factor management. However, the prevention efficacy at the individual level is not yet satisfactory. Chronic disease prediction models have been developed to assist physicians and individuals in clinical decision-making. A chronic disease prediction model assesses multiple risk factors together and estimates an absolute disease risk for the individual. Accurate prediction of an individual's future risk for a certain disease enables the comparison of benefits and risks of treatment, the costs of alternative prevention strategies, and selection of the most efficient strategy for the individual. A large number of chronic disease prediction models, especially targeting cardiovascular diseases and cancers, have been suggested, and some of them have been adopted in the clinical practice guidelines and recommendations of many countries. Although few chronic disease prediction tools have been suggested in the Korean population, their clinical utility is not as high as expected. This article reviews methodologies that are commonly used for developing and evaluating a chronic disease prediction model and discusses the current status of chronic disease prediction in Korea.
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Chronic Disease/*epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; *Models, Theoretical ; Risk Factors

To construct a non-communicable disease system recommended by WHO, develop the key techniques and promote their applications, obtain the main health indicators and understand the prevalence of chronic diseases, and provide support for the prevention, control and research of chronic diseases. Based on factor analysis, K-means clustering and multi-cluster random sampling, 30 typical sampling areas at provincial level were designed and constructed; By referring to WHO's Non-communicable Disease Surveillance Framework and the American behavioral risk factor sampling and questionnaire and combined with China's actual needs, a comprehensive surveillance system for chronic diseases, covering morbidity and mortality, risk factor exposure and community management and control of chronic diseases, was established, a "5+12+1" quality control system for surveillance data collection, management, analysis and feedback was formed and a three-level surveillance information management platform and information technology construction standards in the province were established, resulting the integration of life registration, chronic disease case reporting and community chronic disease management. Using these key techniques, we have obtained high-quality surveillance data of the whole province, produced the main health indicators, carried out research of chronic diseases, and analyze the prevalence and changing trend of the main chronic diseases and related risk factors to boost the government's practical projects for the reform of the people's livelihood and facilitate the construction of "Healthy Zhejiang". The successful experiences and key techniques have been applied in the construction of chronic disease surveillance system in some provinces in China.
China/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease ; Chronic Disease Indicators ; Humans ; Noncommunicable Diseases ; Prevalence

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of health service and its influential factors in flood disaster areas. METHODS: Fifty-five towns were sampled randomly from Dongting Lake area suffering from flood in 1998. The health service level, effect, and its influence factors were investigated retrospectively. RESULTS: The incidence rate of notifiable infectious diseases was 11.7 per thousand, prevalence rate of chronic disease was 51.2 per thousand, infant mortality rate was 43.1 per thousand, neonatal mortality rate was 10.2 per thousand, and the total mortality rate was 554.3/100,000 in Dongting Lake area. The health investment level was significantly associated with the incidence rate of notifiable infectious diseases, the infant mortality rate, and total mortality rate. Duration of flood and income per capita were important factors for the effect of health investment. CONCLUSION Increasing health investment and residents' income in the flood disaster area, shortening the duration of flood would play positive role in residents' health in the flood disaster area.
China ; epidemiology ; Chronic Disease ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; Floods ; Health Services ; supply & distribution ; Humans ; Incidence ; Prevalence

Humans ; Nasal Polyps/epidemiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Rhinosinusitis ; Asthma/epidemiology* ; Sinusitis/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease