Soluble compounds of chromium are widely used in industrial processes, including printing, photography, pyrotechnics, dyeing, electroplating, aircraft, shipbuilding, and leather tanning. Exposure in industry is generally via the inhalation of dusts and fumes. Ingestion of chromium (chromate or dichromate salt) has occurred accidentally in suicide attempts and during drug experimentation and may causes ulceration of the bowel, diarrhea, hemorrhagic diathesis, acute renal failure, and hepatic damage. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium com-pounds is considered to be one hundred times more toxic than the trivalent compounds. Chromium poisoning in children is an uncommon, potentially lethal form of poisoning which could possibly increase in incidence because of the resumed greater domestic distribution of dichromate in Korea. We report a case of ammonium dichromate inges-tion by a child that resulted in a healthy discharge.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Aircraft ; Ammonium Compounds* ; Child ; Chromates ; Chromium ; Diarrhea ; Dust ; Eating ; Electroplating ; Hemorrhagic Disorders ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inhalation ; Korea ; Photography ; Poisoning* ; Suicide ; Tanning ; Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl ; Ulcer

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of chromium chloride addition on coloration, mechanical property and microstructure of 3Y-TZP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chromium chloride was weighed as 0.06, 0.12, and 0.25 wt% and each measured amount was dissolved in alcohol. ZrO2 powder was mixed with each of the individual slurry to prepare chromium doped zirconia specimen. The color, physical properties and microstructure were observed after the zirconia specimen were sintered at 1450degrees C. In order to evaluate the color, spectrophotometer was used to analyze the value of L*, C*, a* and b*, after placing the specimen on a white plate, and measured according to the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standard, Illuminant D65 and SCE system. The density was measured in the Archimedes method, while microstructures were evaluated by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD. Fracture toughness was calculated Vickers indentation method and indentation size was measured by using the optical microscope. The data were analyzed with 1-way ANOVA test (alpha= 0.05). The Tukey multiple comparison test was used for post hoc analysis. RESULTS: 1. Chromium chloride rendered zirconia a brownish color. While chromium chloride content was increased, the color of zirconia was changed from brownish to brownish-red. 2. Chromium chloride content was increased; density of the specimen was decreased. 3. More chromium chloride in the ratio showed increase size of grains. 4. But the addition of chromium chloride did not affect the crystal phase of zirconia, and all specimens showed tetragonal phase. 5. The chromium chloride in zirconia did not showed statistically significant difference in fracture toughness, but addition of 0.25 wt% showed a statistically significant difference (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Based on the above results, this study suggests that chromium chlorides can make colored zirconia while adding in a liquid form. The new colored zirconia showed a slight difference in color to that of the natural tooth, nevertheless this material can be used as an all ceramic core material.
Ceramics ; Edible Grain ; Chlorides ; Chromium ; Chromium Compounds ; Humans ; Lighting ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Tooth ; Zirconium

Carcinogens ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Chromium ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Chromium Compounds ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure ; analysis

This is a result of clinical examination for workers working with Chromic acid and Chromium compounds in the plating room of their companies. I selected two companies that the plating process and the kinds of plating were similar. One (SW Co.) was more or less improved the operating environment with the ventilation machine so on and another (SR Co.) did not it so. The former was examined at March 29th 1977, the latter was at June 28th 1976. But the respiratory communicable diseases, flue or common cold so on were not spreaded there at that time. The clinical aspects were compared between the group of SW, and SR. The swelling and hyperemic signs of nasal mucous membrane and the experience of nasal bleeding were about 50%, generally, in all the groups. The following problem was dizziness or vertigo. The nasal signs in the group SW (improved ventilation of the room air) were relatively weak, but in another, it was come what severe;-there was necrotic sign with thick nasal clast. They were only used of gauze mask when the vapors of various solvents were deeply full in the room. And there was very high rate of bronchial signs, sputum or coughing in the group of SW improved ventilation so called, than another one. I suppose that it means chronic inflammatory change of the bronchial mucous membrane with deeper signs, due to the individual protectors were carelessly or not used according to the improving of the operating environment. Theses nasal signs mentioned the above were not nearly in the other groups had not been done the Chromium plating. The status of RBC, Hb and Ht, of urine protein and urobilinogen were mostly in normal range. But the number of WBC was more or less showed with a positive cor-relation to the working duration.
Chromium ; Chromium Compounds ; Common Cold ; Communicable Diseases ; Cough ; Dizziness ; Epistaxis ; Masks ; Mucous Membrane ; Reference Values ; Solvents ; Sputum ; Urobilinogen ; Ventilation ; Vertigo

For the purpose of providing the basic data for health management of workers who are exposed to chromium and for improving the quality of working environment, the authors evaluated blood and urinary level of chromium, the occupational history, AST, ALT, Hb, Hct, nasal specular examination on 287 workers who have been dealed chromium compounds in 56 manufacturing industries of five types, that is, 38 metal plating services(plating), 4 manufacture of other fabricated metal products (fabricated metal product), 5 manufacturing of dyestuff(dyestuff), 6 dressing and dyeing of leather (leather), 3 others (manufacture of pottery and ceramic household wares, motor vehicles, electronic valves and tubes and other electronic components) and also measured the level of chromium in air from February to october 1993. The results were as follows; 1. The utilized type of chromium compounds was the hexavalent state in plating, fabricated metal product, dyestuff leather and the trivalent state in other, and atmospheric chromium concentration as geometric mean was 0.0138m3(0.001~0.068 mg/m3) in plating, 0.0115 mg/m3(0.006~0.015 mg/m3) in fabricated metal product, 0.068 mg/m3 (0.002~0.019 mg/m3)in dyestuff, 0.0083 mg/m3(0.002~0.028 mg/m3) in leather, 0.0039 mg/m3(0.003~0.005 mg/m3) in other by the type of industry and it exceeded TLV-TWA (0.05 mg/m3) in five(13.6%) of plating services. 2. The geometric mean of chromium in blood was 1.54 microgram/dl(0.10~3.62 microgram/dl) in planting, 0.94 microgram/dl(0.27~2.82 microgram/dl) in fabricated metal product, 0.51 microgram/dl(0.10~3.25 microgram/dl) in dyestuff, 0.87 microgram/dl(0.15~8.00 microgram/dl) in leather 0.55 microgram/dl(0.20~2.28 microgram/dl) in other by the type of industry(P<0.001). 3. The geometric mean of chromiurn in urine was 14.47 microgram/l(6.90~28.00 microgram/l) in planting, 4.63 microgram/l(0.24~43.00 microgram/l) in fabricated metal product, 5.93 microgram/l(1.00~33.00 microgram/l) in dyestuff. 11.09 microgram/l(0.80~48.00 microgram/l) in leather, 12.41 microgram/l(10.10~41.00 microgram/l) in other by the type of industry(P<0.001). 4 As the result of nasal specular examination, twenty four cases(8.4%) of nasal septal perforation among 287 total subjects was observed, and there were 17(9.7%) cases in plating, 4 cases(14.3%) in dressing and dyeing of leather. In the comparison of chromium concentration in blood and urine between the perforated group and nonperforated group the perforated group showed a significantly higher value as 1.883+/-3.055 microgram/dl and 0.793+/-0.815 microgram/dl(P<0.001). 21.31+/-34.610 microgram/L and 9.304+/-11.079 microgram/L(P<0.001). 5. The mean concentration of chromium in blood, urine and the mean level of AST, ALT, Hb and Hct in exposure group were higher than those of control group(P<0.001).
Bandages ; Ceramics ; Chromium Compounds ; Chromium* ; Electroplating ; Family Characteristics ; Motor Vehicles ; Nasal Septal Perforation ; Plants ; Threshold Limit Values

Even in the 21st century, some working environments still expose workers to cement dust. Many people are also exposed to cement dusts particles in their living environment, such as near cement production facilities and areas under construction. The cement industry is involved in the development of the physical infrastructure of advanced industrial society but generates dust during its production. The classic type of pneumoconiosis in coal workers has decreased, but recently, adverse health effects due to exposure to cement dust has increased in construction workers. Cement dust contains fine and ultrafine particles, 0.05-5.0 microm in aerodiameter, which can penetrate into the lung parenchyma and cause toxic damage. Cement dust can cause lung function impairment, chronic obstructive lung disease, pneumoconiosis, and carcinoma of the lungs. Other studies have shown that cement dust may contain toxic heavy metals, such as hexavalent chromium, nickel, and cobalt. Cement dust may cause inflammatory changes in the skin, and often leads to skin diseases or autoimmune diseases. Therefore, close surveillance to monitor the potential toxic effects of cement dust and intervention to minimize its health risks is needed.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Chromium ; Coal ; Cobalt ; Dust ; Lung ; Metals, Heavy ; Nickel ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; Pneumoconiosis ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Silicon Dioxide ; Silicones ; Skin ; Skin Diseases

The casting removable partial denture (RPD) is one of most commonly prosthesis methods in present. Vitallium is one kind of dental alloy with cobalt, chromium and molybdenum etc. It has three ranks respectively: Vitallium, Vitallium 2000 and Vitallium 2000 plus. Although the traditional casting RPD are commonly used, but it has been limited in the physical capabilities of traditional dental alloy. It would not been done to flexible design on denture especially on denture base. The elasticity of casting clasp is not good, the volume is thick. Because of the Vickers hardness and elongation of Vitallium 2000 and Vitallium 2000 plus are better than traditional dental alloys, so the RPD with Vitallium 2000 has good bending control, deformation rebound and fracture resistance. The benefit of Vitallium 2000 or Vitallium 2000 plus is the RPD with splitting can be designed for some free end clinical cases, to solve some clinical problems.
Chromium ; Chromium Alloys ; Cobalt ; Dental Alloys ; Denture, Partial, Removable ; Elasticity ; Hardness ; Humans ; Vitallium

BACKGROUND: Cystatin C (cysC) is said to be an ideal marker for glomerular filtration rate (GFR), independent of external factors such as age, nutrition and inflammation. The authors compared the accuracy and precision of cysC-based and creatinine (Cr)-based GFR estimates using Cr51-EDTA GFR method as a reference. METHODS: Serum concentrations of cysC and Cr were measured in adults over 17 yr (n=170) and children below 17 yr (n=79) who had had GFR estimated by Cr51-EDTA method. CysC-based GFR was estimated by the formula of Thierry [CysC-based GFR estimates (mL/min/1.73 m2)=78 x (1/cysC, in mg/L)+4] and Cr-based GFR by the formula of modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease [MDRD II, Cr-based GFR estimates (mL/min/1.73 m2)=186 x (Scr)(-1.154) x (Age)(-0.203) x 0.742 (for a female patient) x 1.212 (for a black patient). RESULTS: In comparison with Cr51-EDTA GFR, in children below 17 yr, the bias +/- standard deviation (SD) of cysC-based and Cr-based GFR estimates were 7.5 +/- 6.1 and 106.5 +/- 98.2, respectively, in the range of below 90 of Cr51-EDTA GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), and 33.7 +/- 33.0 and 174.4 +/- 18.8 in the range of over 90. In adults over 17 yr, the respective figures were 13.1 +/- 11.0 and 17.4 +/- 29.8 in below 90, and 21.2 +/- 20.1 and 83.6 +/- 108.8 in over 90 of Cr51-EDTA GFR. CONCLUSIONS: CysC-based GFR estimates show acceptable ranges of biases over the whole age and GFR ranges. CysC-based GFR estimates is considered to be the marker for GFR, which could be used without limitation of age and GFR ranges.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Biological Markers/urine ; Child ; Chromium Radioisotopes/diagnostic use ; Creatinine/*urine ; Cystatin C ; Cystatins/*urine ; Edetic Acid/diagnostic use ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate/*physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Organometallic Compounds/diagnostic use

Black Bengal bucks (Capra hircus) were supplemented with 0, 0.2 or 0.4 mg elemental chromium (Cr) as chromium chloride hexahydrate per day for 70 days. Intake of dry matter (p<0.001), crude protein (p<0.001) and neutral detergent fiber (p<0.01) increased due to Cr supplementation. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (p<0.01), organic matter (p<0.05), crude protein (p<0.001) and acid detergent fiber (p<0.01) improved and the total body weight gain and the live weight gain to feed intake ratio also increased (p<0.001) due to supplemental Cr feeding. The intake and apparent absorption (p<0.001) of Cr was enhanced due to its supplementation. The intake of copper, zinc, manganese and iron was also more (p<0.001) in the Cr supplemented bucks. As supplementation progressed, plasma glucose concentration was elevated particularly in 0.4 mg Cr supplemented bucks and a significant day x dose interaction effect (p<0.001) with this parameter. The activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase increased (p<0.001) and that of glutamate pyruvate transaminase in plasma decreased (p<0.01) in the Cr supplemented bucks. Supplemental Cr had minimal (p>0.05) effect on the plasma half life (k) and clearance rate of glucose (T1/2) during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Area under the response curve from 0 to 180 minutes after glucose loading was lower (p<0.001) in the control group of bucks. The study revealed that Cr supplementation might promote growth and nutrient utilization in black Bengal bucks. However, little difference between the 0.2 and 0.4 mg Cr supplemented bucks suggested limited benefit of increasing the level of supplementation beyond 0.2 mg per day under the normal management regimes.
Alkaline Phosphatase/blood ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/drug effects ; Chromium Compounds/administration&dosage/*pharmacology ; Dietary Supplements ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Goats/*growth&development/metabolism ; Male ; Trace Elements/blood ; Transaminases/blood ; Weight Gain/*drug effects

OBJECTIVETo study the anticlastogenic effect of redistilled cow's urine distillate (RCUD) in human peripheral lymphocytes (HLC) challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium.

METHODSThe anticlastogenic activity of redistilled cow's urine distillate was studied in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (HPNLs) and human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium as established genotoxicants and clastogens which could cause induction of DNA strand break, chromosomal aberration and micronucleus. Three different levels of RCUD: 1 microL/mL, 50 microL/mL and 100 microL/mL, were used in the study.

RESULTSManganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium caused statistically significant DNA strand break, chromosomal aberration and micronucleus formation, which could be protected by redistilled cow's urine distillate.

CONCLUSIONThe redistilled cow's urine distillate posseses strong antigenotoxic and anticlastogenic properties against HPNLs and HLC treated with Cr+6 and MnO2. This property is mainly due to the antioxidants present in RCUD.

Animals ; Antimutagenic Agents ; pharmacology ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Cattle ; urine ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromium ; antagonists & inhibitors ; toxicity ; DNA Damage ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; Manganese Compounds ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Mutagenicity Tests ; Mutagens ; toxicity ; Oxides ; antagonists & inhibitors ; toxicity ; Urine ; chemistry