Chromatin texture, which partly reflects nuclear organization, is evolving as an important parameter indicating cell activation or transformation. In this study, chromatin pattern was evaluated by image analysis of the electron micrographs of follicular and papillary carcinoma cells of the thyroid gland and tested for discrimination of the two neoplasms. Digital grey images were converted from the electron micrographs; nuclear images, excluding nucleolus and intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, were obtained by segmentation; grey levels were standardized; and grey level histograms were generated. The histograms in follicular carcinoma showed Gaussian or near-Gaussian distribution and had a single peak, whereas those in papillary carcinoma had two peaks(bimodal), one at the black zone and the other at the white zone. In papillary carcinoma. the peak in the black zone represented an increased amount of heterochromatin particles and that at the white zone represented decreased electron density of euchromatin or nuclear matrix. These results indicate that the nuclei of follicular and papillary carcinoma cells differ intheir chromatin pattern and the difference may be due to decondensed chromatin and/or matrix substances.
Carcinoma, Papillary ; Chromatin* ; Discrimination (Psychology)* ; Euchromatin ; Heterochromatin ; Inclusion Bodies ; Normal Distribution ; Nuclear Matrix ; Thyroid Gland*

Additional two cases of Klinefelter's syndrome with a literatural review was presented Two cases were revealed characteristics of Klinefelter's syndrome such as small testes, hyalinization of seminiferous tubules, azoospermia, increased FSH, normal 17-ketogteroid and positive sex chromatin. One case was associated with left inguinal crytorchidism.
Azoospermia ; Hyalin ; Klinefelter Syndrome* ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Sex Chromatin ; Testis

BACKGROUND: Malignant cell nuclei, in general, have increased amounts of heterochromatin and decreased electron densities of euchromatin, making the chromatin pattern coarser than that of benign cell nuclei. The chromatin pattern in benign and malignant cells, however, is barely explained in terms of molecular structure. In this study, the chromatin pattern of metaplastic and carcinomatous squamous cells of the uterine cervix was correlated with transcriptional activity by ultrastructural autoradiography. METHODS: Punch-biopsied tissues were cultured with 3H-uridine for 5 minutes and processed for electron microscopy. Thin sections of the tissues on nickel grids were covered with photosensitive emulsion and kept cold in a dark room for 10 to 16 weeks. After development and staining, the tissues were observed by electron microscopy. RESULTS: The nuclei of the metaplastic squamous cells consisted mostly of euchromatin. A few silver grains were observed, mainly at the periphery of the nuclei. The nuclei of the carcinomatous cells had increased amounts of heterochromatin along the nuclear membrane, and also in the euchromatin area. Silver grains were observed mainly at the boundary between the heterochromatin and euchromatin. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that an increased amount of heterochromatin in carcinomatous cells results in an increase of the boundary area between the heterochromatin and euchromatin, an area which may be a transcriptionally active site.
Autoradiography ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Nucleus ; Edible Grain ; Cervix Uteri ; Chromatin ; Euchromatin* ; Female ; Heterochromatin* ; Microscopy, Electron ; Molecular Structure ; Nickel ; Nuclear Envelope ; RNA, Messenger* ; Silver

A study was made on the two cases of Klinefelter's Syndrome with review of literatures Two cases revealed findings characteristic of Klinefelter's Syndrome suck as small testes, hyalinization of seminiferous tubules. azoospermia, increased urinary gonadotropin, decreased urinary 17-ketosteroid, positive sex chromatin, gynecomastia and impotence.
Azoospermia ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Gonadotropins ; Gynecomastia ; Hyalin ; Klinefelter Syndrome* ; Male ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Sex Chromatin ; Testis

A 5 year old girl was visited with the chief complaint of abnormal genitalia from birth. Physical examination revealed enlarged clitoris, urogenital sinus formation, increased urinary 17-ketosteroid, Jailer's test positive and sex chromatin positive. Diagnosis was made congenital adrenogenital syndrome.
Adrenogenital Syndrome* ; Child, Preschool ; Clitoris ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Genitalia ; Humans ; Parturition ; Physical Examination ; Sex Chromatin

A study was made on the two cases of Klinefelter's Syndrome with review of literature. Two cases revealed findings of characteristics of Kiinefelter's Syndrome such as small testes, atrophy of seminiferous tubules, azoospermia, increased urinary gonadotropin, decreased urinary 17 Ketosteroid, positive Sex Chromatin, gynecomstia and impotence.
Atrophy ; Azoospermia ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Gonadotropins ; Klinefelter Syndrome* ; Male ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Sex Chromatin ; Testis

Testicular feminization is an uncommon genetic disorder with considerably familial predisposition and results in total feminization due to end-organ unresponsiveness to androgens. It is characterized by the presence of testes in phenotypically female with adequate breast development, normal extemal genitalia, absence of mullerian structures, and meager or absence of body hair. These patients characteristically have male karyotype(XY) and negative sex chromatin and are at increased risk of undergoing malignant transformation of the undescended gonad. In recent times, the malignant potential of the dysgenetic gonads in the intersex patients with a Y chromosome has been stressed by many authors, but few reports of an association between testicular feminization syndrome and benign tumors such as Sertoli cell adenomas. In the present study, postoperative pathology revealed that the gonads were Sertoli cell adenomas. The main features of clinical presentation and histological studies are briefly discussed with a review of the literature.
Adenoma* ; Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome* ; Androgens ; Breast ; Female ; Feminization ; Genitalia ; Gonads ; Hair ; Humans ; Male ; Pathology ; Sex Chromatin ; Testis ; Y Chromosome

In eukaryotic cells, histones are packaged into octameric core particles with DNA wrapping around to form nucleosomes, which are the basic units of chromatin (Kornberg and Thomas, 1974). Multicellular organisms utilise chromatin marks to translate one single genome into hundreds of epigenomes for their corresponding cell types. Inheritance of epigenetic status is critical for the maintenance of gene expression profile during mitotic cell divisions (Allis et al., 2006). During S phase, canonical histones are deposited onto DNA in a replication-coupled manner (Allis et al., 2006). To understand how dividing cells overcome the dilution of epigenetic marks after chromatin duplication, DNA replication coupled (RC) nucleosome assembly has been of great interest. In this review, we focus on the potential influence of RC nucleosome assembly processes on the maintenance of epigenetic status.
Animals ; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly ; genetics ; physiology ; DNA Replication ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Histones ; chemistry ; physiology ; Humans ; Nucleosomes ; genetics ; physiology ; Protein Structure, Quaternary

True hermaphroditism is one of the rare congenital anomalies. Additional four cases of this anomaly are added to the 2 cases which were reported previously from the Dept. of Urology, Busan National University Hospital. Clinical review was performed about these 6 cases. The results were as follows; 1. The incidence of true hermaphroditism is 0.17% in 3,456 uro1ogicaladnrissions from Jan. 1964 to Mar. 1982, 1.6% in 380 admissions with congenital anomalies of the external genitalia and 25% in 24 admissions with hypospadias and cryptorchism during this period. 2. Hypospadias and cryptorchisrn are found in 6 cases, bifid scrotum 3 cases, and labioscrotal folds in 2 cases. Roentgenograms of retrograde urethrography were available in 4 cases and revealed blind vaginal pouch in 3 cases. Among these 3 cases, one had patent fallopian tube at the cephalad end of the pouch. The other one had well developed vagina and the uterus with patent fallopian tube. 3. The genital ducts were developed ipsilaterally in 9 gonads composed of pure testicular or ovarian tissues but developed to those of male pattern in 3 gonads containing the ovarian and testicular tissues. Among these 3 cases two cases did not have the vas deferens. 4. Of 6 gonads containing the testicular tissues, two were in the scrotum, 2 in inguinal and remained 2 were in the peritoneal cavity. Of gonads containing the ovarian tissues, seven were in the peritoneal cavity and one in the retroperitoneum. 5. Sex chromatin was positive in 3 cases, negative in 3 cases. 6. Of 5 cases who had been reared as male, two were assigned to female, one to male and remained 2 were not decided the sex. The other who had been reared as female was assigned to female. 7. The type of true hermaphroditism is lateral in 3 cases (Type I)and unilateral in 3 cases (Type IIIb 2 cases, Type IIIa I case)by the classification of Jones and Scott.
Busan ; Classification ; Cryptorchidism ; Fallopian Tubes ; Female ; Genitalia ; Gonads ; Humans ; Hypospadias ; Incidence ; Male ; Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development* ; Peritoneal Cavity ; Scrotum ; Sex Chromatin ; Urology ; Uterus ; Vagina ; Vas Deferens

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of swim-up and density gradient centrifugation (DGC) for reducing the amount of sperm with fragmented DNA, sex chromosome aneuploidy, and abnormal chromatin structure. METHODS: Semen samples were obtained from 18 healthy male partners who attended infertility clinics for infertility investigations and were processed with swim-up and DGC. The percentages of sperm cells with fragmented DNA measured by the sperm chromatin dispersion test, normal sex chromosomes assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and abnormal chromatin structure identified by toluidine blue staining were examined. RESULTS: The percentage of sperm cells with fragmented DNA was significantly lower in the swim-up fraction (9.7%, p=0.001) than in the unprocessed fraction (27.0%), but not in the DGC fraction (27.8%, p=0.098). The percentage of sperm cells with normal X or Y chromosomes was comparable in the three fractions. The percentage of sperm cells with abnormal chromatin structure significantly decreased after DGC (from 15.7% to 10.3%, p=0.002). The swim-up method also tended to reduce the percentage of sperm cells with abnormal chromatin structure, but the difference was not significant (from 15.7% to 11.6%, p=0.316). CONCLUSION: The swim-up method is superior for enriching genetically competent sperm.
Aneuploidy* ; Centrifugation, Density Gradient* ; Chromatin ; DNA Fragmentation* ; DNA* ; Fluorescence ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Infertility ; Male ; Methods ; Semen ; Sex Chromosomes* ; Spermatozoa* ; Tolonium Chloride ; Y Chromosome