The Philippine COVID-19 Living Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) is a set of guidelines that provides up-to-date evidence-based recommendations on COVID-19 treatment, diagnosis, infection prevention and control. This living guideline follows the Department of Health’s Manual for Clinical Practice Guideline Development1 and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Approach.2 The diagram below is a summary of the treatment regimens gathered from the Philippine COVID-19 Living Recommendations website. The recommendation for each drug regimen is based on the assessment and literature review done by the Living CPG Task Force (LCTF).3 The LCTF follows the classification of quality of evidence enumerated and described in Box 1.
COVID-19

In the Philippines, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has accorded a tremendous challenge to health care in terms of protecting frontline staff from contracting the virus and providing optimal medical management to patients with or without COVID-19. Across the globe, even countries with well-developed healthcare systems are battling COVID-19 with great difficulty. In terms of local response, on March 15, 2020, Davao City was placed under community quarantine1 to limit the movement of people and curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Further restrictions on work, businesses, transportation, and other daily activities were imposed during an enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) from April 4, 2020 to May 15, 2020,2 3 4 5 followed by a 15-day general community quarantine (GCQ).6 7 Patients from Davao City who are suspected of having COVID-19 began to be referred to the Southern Philippines Medical Center (SPMC) starting in early March 2020. The SPMC Laboratory Unit also started processing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 as a subnational laboratory late in March. Being the only subnational laboratory in the southern Philippines during the first few weeks of community quarantine, SPMC processed most of Mindanao's COVID-19 RT-PCR tests.
COVID-19

When communities were forced into lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments across different countries globally also started to impose new social restrictions. In order to comply with these new rules and to meet the demands of an emerging disease, health facilities modified the structures and processes of health care services. 1 Teleconsultations—or medical consultations wherein patients and health care practitioners are away from each other, connected only by telecommunication devices —took the place of the traditional face-toface (FTF) consultations, especially in the outpatient clinics. The provision of remote clinical services or telemedicine—which frequently involves teleconsultations—has been practiced since the early 1960’s, 2 but its utilization has grown exponentially ever since this pandemic started. 3-5 A few studies have demonstrated a significant reduction, from to 60 to 80%, in in-person outpatient visits and a four-fold increase in telehealth outpatient visits in the United States during the early days of the pandemic. 6 7 Similarly, across Asia-Pacific countries, there has been a surge of activity in telemedicine platforms since the identification of the COVID-19 virus in January 2020. 8 In the Philippines, for example, a subscription-based teleconsultation service called KonsultaMD registered a 450% increase in the number of teleconsultations in April 2020. 9 Medgate, one of the country’s leading international telemedicine providers, reported a 170% increase in teleconsultations in 2020. 10 11 The aim of this article is to recommend policies for the delivery and reporting of outpatient care using telemedicine in a tertiary hospital.
Remote Consultation ; COVID-19

Retinoblastoma (RB), the most common intraocular malignancy in infants and young children,1 2 may lead to the loss of one or two eyes, central nervous system involvement, or even death, if treatment is delayed.3 However, if RB is diagnosed and treated early, patients with the malignancy have a survival rate of almost 100%.4 Delay in diagnosis of RB affects treatment outcomes and prognosis of patients with the disease. With the significant number of RB referrals that result in delays in receiving specialized care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)5—where most cases occur—global disparities in the outcomes of RB are evident, such that children with RB in LMICs often have poor prognosis.6 Difficulty of caregivers and primary health care providers in recognizing the earliest presenting signs of RB also contributes to the delay and can increase the risk of local tumor invasion.7 At present, the Department of Health (DOH) has included in its Philippine Cancer Control Program the Cancer in Children Awareness Month, as one of its health advocacies aimed to increase the public’s knowledge and understanding of childhood cancer.8 In September 2021, the first ever DOH-WHO Cancer Control Stakeholders Virtual Summit was held, with special focus given on childhood cancer.9 The DOH program has given emphasis on eight childhood cancers, including RB, that are common in Filipino children.10 In 2011, the Southern Philippines Medical Center (SPMC) and the National University Hospital in Singapore, in collaboration with the Dana Farber Children’s Hospital Cancer Center in Boston and St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis, joined together to establish the RB Early Detection Campaign Program. This collaborative project started to educate the public on the early signs of RB, established a referral system across Davao City and other regions in Mindanao (Tagum City, General Santos City, Zamboanga City, and Cagayan de Oro City), and developed a multidisciplinary RB management team at SPMC.11 With the opening of a dedicated RB center at SPMC in 2012 as part of the program, the hospital’s RB census increased, and the majority of the cases detected were still at the early (intraocular) stage.12 However, despite the stringent implementation of the program in SPMC, the time interval between onset of symptoms and initiation of therapy among patients with RB has remained protracted.13 The aim of this article is to recommend health care policies based on the results of a study on the clinical profile and health care timeline of patients seen in a tertiary hospital in Davao City.
Retinoblastoma

Congenital disorders cause a global estimate of 240,000 deaths in newborns and 170,000 deaths in children ages 1 month up to 5 years every year. 1 In order to detect metabolic, hematologic, or endocrine disorders in newborns, newborn screening (NBS) is conducted in many countries around the world. In the Philippines, NBS was introduced by the Newborn Screening Study Group in 1996, with the aim of establishing the incidence of six metabolic conditions, namely, congenital hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, galactosemia, phenylketonuria, homocystinuria, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and creating recommendations for the adoption of NBS nationwide.2 The Republic Act No. 9288, otherwise known as the Newborn Screening Act of 2004, requires that the Department of Health shall ensure the establishment and accreditation of newborn screening centers (NSCs) in strategically located areas across the Philippines.3 At present, there are seven operational NSCs in the country,4 with the Newborn Screening Center-Mindanao (NSC-Mindanao) in Southern Philippines Medical Center (SPMC) as the only center catering to all NBS facilities all over Mindanao.5 NSC-Mindanao initially performed screening tests for five disorders, but now tests for a panel of 29 metabolic and other congenital disorders.
Neonatal Screening ; Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency ; Congenital Hypothyroidism

Accessing health care services can lead to a significant financial burden on patients, especially when an episode of illness necessitates out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures.1 Apart from health improvement, an essential function of health care systems is to provide financial protection for individuals against the costs associated with illness.2 The establishment of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) has emerged as a crucial step towards achieving the goal of universal health care for individuals in need of medical services.3 Since the passage of the Universal Health Care Act in 2019, all Filipinos have been automatically enrolled in PhilHealth for social health risk protection. In 2021, PhilHealth covered health care utilization claims amounting to over Php 88 billion.4 PhilHealth coverage is usually not sufficient to fund the entire hospital expense in a single episode of illness. Meanwhile, the creation of other government health care financing schemes helps alleviate the financial burden of patients. Through the enactment of the Republic Act (RA) 11463, also known as the Malasakit Centers Act, patients may now seek financial aid from a unified assistance hub to settle outstanding health care expenses not covered by PhilHealth. The Malasakit Centers Act mandates the establishment of one-stop shops for medical and financial assistance. This one-stop shop consists of representatives from the Department of Health (DOH), PhilHealth, the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO), and Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).5 This article aims to recommend health care policies to improve the existing health financing mechanisms currently sought by patients to cover their medical expenses during an episode of illness.
Financial Stress ; Universal Health Care ; Health Expenditures

In accordance with the Republic Act (RA) 11036, also known as the Mental Health Act of 2017, the Department of Health (DOH) was tasked to "establish a balanced system of community-based and hospital-based mental health services at all levels of the public health care system from the barangay, municipal, city, provincial, regional to the national level." It is also expected that the Local Government Units (LGUs) "promote deinstitutionalization and other recovery-based approaches to the delivery of mental health care services."1 Even before RA 11036 was enacted, the Davao Center for Health Development (DCHD) had already facilitated the establishment of several Community-Based Mental Health Programs (CBMHPs) in rural health units (RHUs) within the region since 2015. These programs are guided by six principles–coordinated level of referral system for better patient care, optimizing the expertise of the regional mental hub to guarantee rational use of drugs, community-based patient care for a more cost-effective treatment, capitalizing family and patient's support groups for better patient outcomes, optimizing innovative long-acting injections for better compliance and decreased relapse, and neutralizing the stigma against schizophrenia to improve mental health.2 The aim of this article is to recommend health care policies based on the report on observations and lessons learned from the implementation of the CBMHPs by the DCHD in four municipalities in Davao Region.
Community Health Services ; Mental Health Services

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, almost all outpatient consultation services in Southern Philippines Medical Center (SPMC)一from triaging up to the actual consultations with doctors一were done face-to-face (FTF). Seeking medical care during the pandemic became more difficult. Since the start of the community quarantine last March 2020,1 all stakeholders in health care一health care workers, and patients alike一have had to comply with infection control measures like FTF interactions and travel restrictions to reduce COVID-19 transmission. When Davao City was placed under enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) last April 4, 20202, SPMC became the primary government tertiary care institution tasked to handle patients with COVID-19.3 Since then, most of the outpatient services, conducted by clinical departments, were limited to teleconsultations. SPMC created a set of procedures for doing teleconsultations in the Outpatient Department (OPD) to screen patients who need either urgent or routine care, and to either connect these patients to their physicians in the OPD or direct them to an SPMC department/unit outside of the OPD. A patient seeking outpatient consultation should send a private message via the SPMC Virtual Consultation Facebook page. A nurse moderator inquires about the patient’s concern or chief complaint through an online messaging platform and obtains a written informed consent by requesting the patient to reply with “Yes, I give consent” if, after reading the information form, they agree to the terms of the teleconsultation. New patients need to fill up a pre-formatted information sheet and download an app into their communication device. Returning patients are required to send their hospital numbers for record retrieval. The nurse then triages the patient to their designated clinical department. Through phone or online calls via the downloaded app, the resident-on-duty (ROD) contacts the patient, takes the patient’s medical history, requests diagnostic examinations, prescribes medications, and discusses diagnostic examination results and therapeutic plans with the patient, as appropriate. If the need for a physical examination in order to further assess the patient’s condition arises, the ROD obtains another informed consent for an FTF consultation. Before scheduling the patient for an FTF consultation, the ROD determines the patient’s risk of exposure to COVID-19 and directs them to the COVID-19 hotline if their risk is considered to be high. Low-risk patients, on the other hand, are given an appointment schedule and a checklist of requirements needed prior to FTF consultation. On the scheduled date of FTF consultation, the patient is reassessed for the risk of exposure to COVID-19. High-risk patients are redirected to the SPMC COVID-19 isolation area. All patients who physically walk in for outpatient consultation receive instructions from the outpatient triage nurses to follow this teleconsultation process. This report includes data from June 2020 to March 2021. Although the system for teleconsultation was immediately established in SPMC after the city was placed under ECQ,1 the procedures were only refined and strictly implemented in June 2020. Data in this report does not include appointments or consultations directly done in other departments such as SPMC Cancer Institute, Mindanao Heart Center, and Institute of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine. With the exception of some patients seen by the Family Medicine (FM) department, all patients who had FTF consultations in this report initially underwent the teleconsultation process, but were subsequently advised to show up for physical examination for further assessment of their conditions. The FM department sees both patients from the general public and those who come to the Personnel Health Services (PHS) of SPMC一including SPMC employees and their dependents. PHS patients, especially those who are already physically within the hospital vicinity when they decide to look for medical attention, have been allowed to seek outpatient care directly by FTF consultations, without the need for prior appointments arranged by teleconsultations. In this report, the FM census is presented as two graphs一the graph for the general public, and that for PHS patients. In general, there was a gradual increase in the frequency of teleconsultations across all departments over the months following June 2020. During the start of 2021, the frequencies of FTF consultations significantly rose in the Internal Medicine and Obstetrics-Gynecology departments. The FTF consultation frequencies also increased, albeit to a lesser degree, in the Dermatology, Ophthalmology, General Surgery, Urology, and ENT-HNS departments. The Orthopedics and Pediatrics departments had very minimal FTF consultations. The Dental Medicine department had no FTF consultations at all from June 2020 to March 2021. We calculated the OPD consultation ratio by dividing the number of FTF consultations with the number of teleconsultations. A higher ratio, expressed in decimals, would imply a higher number of FTF consultations done after teleconsultation. Excluding PHS data, the overall OPD consultation ratio for all departments from June 2020 to March 2021 was 0.17 (i.e., there were 2,557 FTF consultations done after 15,264 initial teleconsultations). The three departments who had the highest OPD consultation ratios for the entire report duration were the Urology (0.38), Internal Medicine (0.34), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (0.25) departments. On the other hand, the three departments with the lowest OPD consultation ratios for the entire report duration were the Orthopedics (0.01), Pediatrics (0.01), and General Surgery (0.10) departments. Data on specific morbidities/diagnoses and dispositions of patients after the teleconsultations or the FTF consultations are not included in this report.

A survey done by the World Health Organization in 2014 revealed that only less than 10% of the survivors of child sexual abuse (CSA) received any service—whether it be health, psychosocial, police, or legal.1 In Kenya and Haiti, only 13.4% of the girls and only 7% of the boys who experienced sexual abuse received health services, while in Swaziland, 24% of clients received health services.1 2 3 In several countries, one-stop centers were established to provide legal, medical and psychosocial services for survivors of child sexual abuse and violence in one location. These centers spare clients from visiting multiple institutions to seek help and from the trauma of retelling their personal ordeal to various individuals many times over.4 Psychosocial support is given by a social worker who assesses the client on the first interview. If the social worker detects any signs of abuse, the client is then escorted to an adjacent room where a child-friendly police officer would take care of the legal aspects of the case. A medical doctor performs a thorough physical examination in a separate room. Further special diagnostics and treatment are provided by the center. The staff of the centers must also have undergone appropriate training on the medicolegal aspects of handling clients who come to the center.5 In the Philippines, the establishment, operation, and maintenance of a Women and Children Protection Unit (WCPU) was based on the Administrative Order 1-B s. 1997 of the Department of Health (DOH)6 and the Republic Act 9262 Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children (VAWC) Act of 2004 and its implementing rules and regulations.7 In 2008, the DOH then developed a set of standards for the structures and processes of WCPUs in the country.8
Child Abuse, Sexual ; Survivor ; Child ; Female

Medical assistance programs are government-funded programs that provide financial assistance to low-income individuals and families. These programs aim to reduce financial burdens and improve health care access. Coverage may include outpatient visits, hospital care, mental health services, diagnostic work-ups, prescriptions, and other services. This increases the detection of health conditions and improves drug utilization.1 2 3 Even though government health schemes and compulsory contributory health care financing schemes (e.g., PhilHealth) accounted for the majority of health expenditures in the Philippines, household out-of-pocket (OOP) payment still remains high. In 2022, the country’s total health expenditure (THE) was Php 1.12 trillion, with government health schemes and compulsory contributory health care financing schemes accounting for 44.8% of the THE and household OOP payment accounting for 44.7%. Thus, every Filipino spent an average amount of Php 10,059.49 for health care goods and services in 2022
Medical Assistance ; Health Services Accessibility ; Mental Health Services