When a Jehovah's Witness patient rejects transfusion because of his religious doctrine, the anesthesiologist is required to make an important decision. Each doctor must approach his patient respecting the patient's wishes as much as possible, while still taking into account his own ethical criteria, moral judgement of the patient, and knowledge of medicine. This writer briefly examined the basis of the religious doctrine of a Jehovah's Witness advocate and consulted a scholar of the criminal court about the legal interpretation of the doctor's behavior in our present situation where no detailed judicial precedent was available. I summarized medical solution here by referring to foreign records of medical studies and case reports in the hopes that it may aid in anesthetic management of Jehovah's Witness patients.
Anesthesia/*methods ; *Christianity ; Humans

PURPOSE: All nurses should provide spiritual care for their clients. It is especially important to care spiritually for cancer patients facing the crisis of life. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of spirituality which is one of the basic concepts for spiritual care in cancer patients. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 8 cancer patients; 2 Christians,3 Buddhists, and 3 persons who did not have any religion. The data was collected and analyzed by Hybrid Model. RESULT: The results of this study were as follows: Dimensions of spirituality(vertical dimension connected with the absolute being, horizontal dimension related to others, existential dimension related to seeking of meaning), attributes of spirituality(dynamic process strengthened in suffering due to struggle with cancer, connectedness with the absolute being or will and belief in oneself, transcendence of reality, meaning and purpose of life, future oriented), outcomes of spirituality(intrinsic, behavioral). CONCLUSION: The spirituality of cancer patients is manifested differently by his(her) religion, age, past experiences and burden of family, and is able to be strengthened with cancer. Therefore, nurses should recognize that diagnosis and deterioration of cancer is not only a spiritual crisis but can be a good chance for spiritual growth, as well.
Buddhism* ; Christianity* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Spirituality*

One of the prominent signs of aging in the midface is deepening and lengthening of the nasolabial folds, which makes people look old and aesthetically unpleasing. There have been many treatment modalities to manage prominent nasolabial folds, but there is no single most effective one yet, because every method has its own efficacy and limitations. In order to select the optimal method to meet the desire of patient, several factors such as the age of the patient, his or her aesthetic needs, other aging stigmata, downtime and even economic status should be considered. In this article, treatment modalities are classified into three categories according to the extent of their invasiveness: minimally invasive, moderately invasive, and most invasive techniques. The purpose of this article is to review various methods currently used to manage prominent nasolabial folds, to describe the anatomic structures relevant to the fold formation and to help surgeons select the appropriate method for prominent folds.
Aging ; Christianity ; Humans ; Nasolabial Fold

Hypochondroplasia is a form of short
Achondroplasia ; Christianity ; Dwarfism ; Extremities ; Hand

The purpose of this study was to identify calls, roles and attitudes of the Christian medical staff in a modern medical system for holistic healing through belief in God's healing methods and God's view about medical treatment. The meaning of healing in the Bible is derived from Rapha in the Old Testament, it's meaning is 'heal wound', 'restore to original condition', 'repair', 'console' and 'be heal'. In the New Testament, the meaning of healing is 'to serve' and 'be in one's service' derived from Therapuein and 'preserve', 'rescue', 'save a life from death' derived from Sozo. Therefore the meaning of the healing in the Bible is restoring original completeness to the same as God's characteristics. The meaning of disease is physical, psychological, social and spiritual imbalance or disharmonious. Disease is usually depravity from moral life to immoral life and abnormal life process with accompanying specific symptoms. Medical staff were called to God's work, recognized God's will for them, and absolutely leaned on God's power to intervene and work above spatial-temporal transcendently. They use spiritual power with medical treatment skills, help sick people to possibly have dynamic and individual relation with God and help to maintain their well-being and complete healing. Attitudes of medical staff were compassion and love, virtue of modesty, strong and daring, patience with belief, healing with God's word, using spiritual insight, play, using medical knowledge and techniques, continuing spiritual training, laying on of hands and repentance.
Bible ; Christianity* ; Empathy ; Hand ; Humans ; Love ; Medical Staff ; Virtues

PURPOSE: To explore the meaning of prayer in Korean patients with end-stage cancer who profess Christianity or Buddhism, given the significant differences between these religions. METHODS: The Colaizzi (1978) analysis method was employed. In-depth interview were performed with 13 participants (seven Christians and six Buddhists) who were admitted to a University-affiliated hospital in Korea. RESULTS: The six categories emerged: 1) communication with God, 2) mind discipline, 3) spiritual growth, 4) mysterious experiences, 5) perception of death and after-life, and 6) various forms of prayers. CONCLUSION: The participants' prayer experiences were described in a religious context. Christians believed that prayer is communication with God while Buddhists regarded it as disciplining of minds. Despite some differences between the religious groups, a general meaning of prayer was a desperate desire to solve their health issues by relying on God or someone who is more powerful than themselves. They also experienced personal and spiritual growth through prayer. This study explains the phenomenon of prayer experiences and shows that prayer is an important coping mechanism.
Buddhism ; Christianity ; Faith Healing ; Humans ; Korea ; Methods ; Religion*

PURPOSE: The main purpose of this study was to develop a substantive theory on the process of the spiritual experience in Christian terminal cancer patients in the context of Korean society and culture. The question for the study was 'What is the spiritual process in Christian terminal cancer patients?'. METHOD: The research method used was the Grounded Theory Method developed by Strauss and Corbin (1998). Participants for this study in total were 9 Christian terminal cancer patients. Data was collected using in-depth interviews during April 2003 to March. 2004. Data collection and analysis were carried out at the same time. RESULT: From the analysis 58 concepts and 20 categories emerged. The categories were presented into a paradigm, which consisted of condition-actions/ interactions-consequences. The theoretical scheme was described by organizing categories. In total, 4 stages were developed from the condition-actions/ interactions-consequences. Throughout these stages, the 'overcoming process of unbalanced interconnectedness' was the core category discovered. CONCLUSION: This study provides a framework for the development of individualized care interventions in the 'overcoming process of unbalanced interconnectedness' for Christian terminal cancer patients.
Christianity ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*psychology ; *Spirituality ; Terminally Ill/*psychology

Endoscopy has its role in the primary diagnosis and management of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Main roles of endoscopy are identifying high risk stigmata lesion, and performing endoscopic hemostasis to lower the rebleeding and mortality risks. Early endoscopy within the first 24 hours enables risk classification according to clinical and endoscopic criteria, which guide safe and prompt discharge of low risk patients, and improve outcomes of high risk patients. Techniques including injection therapy, ablative therapy and mechanical therapy have been studied over the recent decades. Combined treatment is more effective than injection treatment, and single treatment with mechanical or thermal method is safe and effective in peptic ulcer bleeding. Specific treatment and correct decisions are needed in various situations depending on the site, location, specific characteristics of lesion and patient's clinical conditions.
Burns ; Christianity ; Endoscopy ; Hemorrhage ; Hemostasis ; Hemostasis, Endoscopic ; Humans ; Peptic Ulcer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There was some technical difficulty in applying the hemoclip on the posterior wall of the body, cardia of the stomach and posterior wall of duodenum because the angle of approach was tangential. Use of transparent cap on the tip of the endoscope could reduce some of these problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of endoscopic hemoclipping using a transparent cap. METHODS: From August 1997 to July 2000, 74 patients with bleeding peptic ulcer and stigmata of recent hemorrhage were treated with endoscopic hemoclipping. There was technical difficulty in applying the hemoclip in 18 patients and the transparent cap was used. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the patients treated with cap and the patients treated without cap in initial hemostasis rate (91.1% vs 94.4%), rebleeding rate (11.8% vs 11.7%), and permanent hemostasis rate (92.9% vs 94.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Use of transparent cap on the tip of the endoscope was an efficient method when the angle of approach was tangential.
Cardia ; Christianity ; Duodenum ; Endoscopes ; Hemorrhage ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Peptic Ulcer ; Stomach

Chu Hyun Chik was one of those who graduated first from Jejungwon Medical School in 1908, and had carried on an independence movement as well as religious, educational, and social movement both as a doctor and a Christian. He opened the Inje Hospital in Sunchon, North Pyeongan Province in 1909, and was put in prison on charges of being involved in Incident of '105 People' as he joined in Sinminhoe in which christians(Christians) from Gwanseo showed their initiative. With 3.1 Movement as a momentum, he started to raise funds for an independence movement mainly in North Pyongan Province, as a councilor of the Ministry of Finance of Shanghai Provisional Government of Korea. After he moved into Andong, Manchuria, he continued to support the spread of an independence movement by connecting Shanghai Provisional Government of Korea with the country. In October, 1919, he came to Sanghai as an exile and lead diverse activities as a member of Shin Han young man party and one of the leading men of Korean Christendom, especially related to An Chang Ho and christians around him and joining in Hungsadan. In 1925 when he returned home, he opened the Dongje Hospital and devoted himself to the developments of religious, educational, and social movement as a president of YMCA, Sunchon and an executive of a branch of Suyang Donguhoe in Sunch'?n. By Incident of Suyang Donguhoe he was put in prison, resisting Japanese Imperialism and died in 1942.
Christianity/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Hospitals/*history ; Humans ; Korea ; Politics