In 56 breast cancer tissues (infiltrating ductal carcinoma) with a clinical follow-up period of more than 5 years, positivity of estrogen receptor(ER) by enzyme immunoassay and expressions of bcl-2 and p53 oncoproteins by immunohistochemistry were evaluated. The purposes of this study were to determine prevalence of bcl-2 and p53 in breast cancer, the interrelationship between expression of the proteins and estrogen receptor, correlation between histologic grade and the expression of the tumor-related oncogenes, and to explore the biologic bahavior of breast cancer (lymph node metastasis, recurrence rate, and survival) via expression of bcl-2 and p53. Twelve of 56 (21.4%) carcinomas were bcl-2 positive, and seventeen (30.4%) were p53- positive. Eleven of 12 bcl-2 positive tumors (91.7%) were ER-positive, and bcl-2 expression was significantly associated with ER-positivity(P=0.043). Seven of 36 ER-positive tumors (12.5%) were p53 positive, and p53 expression was inversely associated with ER-positivity(P=0.006) significantly. The bcl-2 protein expression showed a significant relationship to low histologic grade of tumor (P=0.0002), and an almost significant relationship to lower recurrence rate (P=0.09). The p53 protein expression showed a significant relationship to high histologic grade of tumor (P=0.002) and an almost significant relationship to lymph node metastasis (P=0.09). Also an almost inverse relationship between bcl-2 and p53 was demonstrated (P=0.057). The bcl-2 expression had a tendency to be associated with longer patient survival(P= 0.09), but p53 immunoreaction was found not to be associated with shorter patient survival(P=0.16). These results provide further evidence that higher incidence of bcl-2 expression is correlated with higher incidence of ER and lower grade of tumor, while p53 expression is correlated with lower incidence of ER and higher grade of tumor. In conclusion, although the biologic function of bcl-2 protein is not yet well understood in breast cancer, our results suggest that bcl-2 and p53 oncoproteins might play significant roles in estrogen receptor and development of breast cancer. But their prognostic significance could not be determined; our results are 'not significant' but 'almost significant'. Thus, contribution of bcl-2 and p53 immunohistochemical phenotyping of breast cancer with ER to the clinical management need verification in larger series.
Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Breast Neoplasms

A modern development of ambulatory ECG monitoring gave great advances in the diagnosis and evaluation of various cardiac conditions. Fifteen cases of ischemic heart disease, 11 cases of nonischemic heart disease, 5 cases of noncardiac disease and 9 cases of normal healthy subjects were studied from January 1980 to July 1981 in national Medical Center, with the following results: 1) The heart rate was decreased during night time, with less decreasing tendency in patients with ischemic heart disease. 2) Among 30 cases, including 12 patients with ischemic heart disease, who didn't show arrhythmia on routine 12 lead ECG, 12 cases, including 6 patients with ischemic heart disease, showed arrhythmia on Holter monitoring. 3) Among 5 cases with ischemic heart disease who showed premature ventricular contraction on day time monitoring, 2 cases didn't show premature ventricular contraction on nigh time monitoring. 4) The S-T segment and T wave were changed during night time in 2 cases with ischemic heart disease and in 2 normal subjects. From these results, we could assert that Holter monioring or ambulatory ECG tracing would be a good method for diagnosis and evaluation of ischemic heart disease, and other cardiac conditions. Several another studies with this equipment have to be performed and would give more distinctive outcomes.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Diagnosis ; Electrocardiography ; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory* ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Ventricular Premature Complexes

Hypertensive encephalopathy is an acute clinical syndrome that shows central nerve dysfunction with sudden and marked elevation in blood pressure. But its pathophysiologic mechanisms, clinical courses and prognosis are still not clear. In order to study clinical manifestations and response to treatment in patients with hypertensive encephalopathy, we reviewed 45 patients with hypertensive encephalopathy who were admitted in Dept. of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, from January 1975 to December 1984. The following results were obtained: 1) The ratio of male to female was 1.1:1. The peak age of incidence was in the 6th and 7th decade with mean age of 57.5 years. 2) Among 45 patients, only 29 had known history of hypertension and the average duration of hypertension was 8.1+/-3.6 years. 3) The most common sympotm was severe headache (68.9%). And altered consciousness, nausea and/or vomiting, focal neurologic signs and visual disturbance were also common symptoms in decreasing order of frequency. 4) Funduscopic examination showed hypertensive retinopathy in 20 of 24 (91.7%) patients and lumbar puncture revealed increased CSF pressure in 12 of 20 (60%) patients. 5) In most patients, the mean interval to symptomatic improvement was 2.1 days after administration of anti hypertensive agents, but in 6 patients with initial mean arterial blood pressure above 170mmHg, 4 patients showed delayed response and 2 patients were expired.
Antihypertensive Agents ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Consciousness ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertensive Encephalopathy* ; Hypertensive Retinopathy ; Incidence ; Internal Medicine ; Male ; Nausea ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Prognosis ; Spinal Puncture ; Vomiting

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant* ; Korea*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant Formula* ; Infant* ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn

Nitric oxide(NO) has recently been identified as a short-lived intracellular messenger in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Nitric oxide synthase(NOS) is a key enzyme for NO biosynthesis by formation of citrulline from L-arginine. This enzyme reaction requires reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) as a co-factor and the electron transferring c-terminal sequence of NOS give rise to its NADPH-diaphorase activity. However, it has yet to prove that NO is a sensory neurotransmitter in olfactory nervous system. The purpose of this study was to localize histochemically the distribution of NADPH-diaphorase in the olfactory system of rats. In the olfactory mucosa, NADPH-diaphorase positive cells were demonstrated in the ciliary layers, Bowmann's glands and olfactory nerve bundles. In main olfactory bulb, a large number of NADPH-diaphorase positive cells were also demonstrated in nerve fibers of olfactory nerve layer, periglomerular cell, superficial short axon cells of external plexiform layer and deep short axon cells between granular and subependymal layers. Furthermore there were NADPH-diaphorase positive cells of plexiform and granular cell layers of the accessory olfactory bulb. Therefore, it is suggested that the presence of NADPH-diaphorase acitivity in nerve fibers of olfactory system may be involved in odor processing.
Adenine ; Animals ; Arginine ; Axons ; Citrulline ; Nerve Fibers ; Nervous System ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Nicotine ; Nitric Oxide ; Odors ; Olfactory Bulb ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Olfactory Nerve ; Peripheral Nervous System ; Rats*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the patterns of vaginal bleeding on continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with micronized progesterone (MP), compared with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and to find any effects of body weight, body mass index, age of menopause, and duration of postmenopausal amenorrhea on these patterns of vaginal bleedings. METHODS: In continuous combined HRT using MP, 0.625 mg conjugate equine estrogen (CEE) and 100 mg MP were daily administered orally in 100 postmenopausal women. In continuous combined HRT using MPA, 0.625 mg CEE and 2.5 mg MPA were daily administered orally in 70 postmenopausal women. And we observed the vaginal bleeding patterns for six months after initiation of therapy. RESULTS: No vaginal bleeding or only slight vaginal spotting within 3 months were in 92 women (92%) in continuous combined HRT using MP. Only 8 women (8%) showed continuous bleeding for more than three months or heavy bleeding, so they stopped HRT or changed to other regimens. These were statistically significant lower rates of frequency of vaginal bleeding (35%) and drop out (8%), compared with the group using MPA (62.9%, and 42.9%) in our previous study. There were no statistically significant differences in the means of body weight, body mass index, and age of menopause between two treatment groups, but the mean of durations of postmanopausal amenorrhea was significantly longer in MP treatment group than that of MPA treatment group. In each treatment group, there were no statistically significant differences in the means of body weight, body mass index, duration of postmanopausal amenorrhea, and age of menopause according to the frequency of vaginal bleeding. CONCLUSION: Continuous combined HRT using MP showed less bleeding and better compliance than that using MPA.
Amenorrhea ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Compliance ; Estrogens ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Hormone Replacement Therapy* ; Humans ; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ; Menopause ; Metrorrhagia ; Progesterone* ; Uterine Hemorrhage*

An endodermal sinus tumor is a malignant germ cell tumor that usually arises in the gonads, but on rare occasion occurs in extragonadal locations. Our case was that of a 3 year old girl who complained of a rapid growing orbital mass. On histologic examination it revealed the typical picture of an endodermal sinus tumor and it also disclosed a positive reaction for alphafetoprotein using an immunoperoxidase technique. An orbital exenteration was performed followed by chemotheraphy, but the patient died 5 months after the onset of the disease.

OBJECTIVES: Craving is the subjectively experienced motivational states inducing ongoing drug use in addicts. It also proceeds or precipitates relapse episode in drug addicts. Alcohol craving may be triggered by exposure to an object, environment, or emotion that a person has come to associate with alcohol consumption. Such stimuli are called alcohol-related cues. Among alcohol-related cues, alcohol-related visual stimuli are simple and reliable methods in inducing alcohol craving. The object of this study is to develop alcohol-related visual stimuli which induce alcohol craving reliably and to investigate the characteristics of alcohol-related visual stimuli in alcoholics. METHODS: First, the authors developed 27 alcohol and drinking color photos as candidate stimuli. Then, 3 photos which induce alcohol craving most were chosen as alcohol-related visual stimuli respectively by alcoholics, alcoholism high risk group and normal control group. The authors compared characteristics, situation and complexity of selected alcohol-related visual stimuli among three groups. RESULTS: 1) 'A glass of Soju', 'Drinking together' and 'A glass of beer, a bottle of beer and a sidedish' were chosen as alcohol-related visual stimuli which induce most craving in alcoholics, alcoholism high risk group and normal control group respectively. 2) Alcohol photo(stationary object) induced craving most in alcoholics in contrast with drinking photo(situation) in social drinkers. Alcoholics clung to alcohol per se, not to atmosphere or situation of drinking, and alcoholism high risk group felt craving by the expectation of drinking situation. Normal control group showed no consistent finding in choosing alcohol-related visual stimuli. CONCLUSION: With these results, the author suggests classical conditioning as psychopathological model of alcohol craving with alcoholics. In contrast with alcoholics, alcohol craving of alcoholism high risk group may be related to alcohol specific memory or positive expectancies about alcohol use. These finding may support different neurobiological mechanisms of alcohol craving between alcoholics and social drinkers.
Alcohol Drinking ; Alcoholics ; Alcoholism ; Atmosphere ; Beer ; Conditioning, Classical ; Cues ; Drinking ; Drug Users ; Glass ; Humans ; Memory ; Recurrence

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Heat shock protein (HSP) is to be involved in inflammation. HSP may be expressed in allergic rhinitis which is an inflammation disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether overexpression of HSP72 is specific for allergic rhinitis and is correlated with clinical severity of disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied expression of HSP72 by immunohistochemistry using ABC technique on nasal mucosa from 20 patients with allergic rhinitis, 10 patients with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis and 10 patients with normal turbinates. RESULTS: In biopsies from patients with allergic rhinitis, immunopositive cells were observed on epithelium, basement membrane, submucous gland cells, and inflammatory cells. Expression of HSP72 in patients with allergic rhinitis was significantly increased in nasal mucosa (p<0.01) and was significantly correlated with clinical severity of the disease (p<0.01) and eosinophil count (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Inflammation of nasal mucosa in patients with allergic rhinitis may be linked to production of HSP72.
Basement Membrane ; Biopsy ; Eosinophils ; Epithelium ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inflammation ; Nasal Mucosa* ; Rhinitis* ; Turbinates