No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant* ; Korea*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant Formula* ; Infant* ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn

BACKGROUND: Up to now, sleep stages have traditionally been determined by the visual inspection of individual EEG waves. However, the exact physiological meaning of the sleep waves is not known. The purpose of this study was to try and find out the physiological parameters of the EEG of the sleep and wakefulness states by calculating one of the non-linear chaos parameter, the largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE), of EEG time series. METHODS: The digital EEG of the wakefulness with eye opening (WEO), wakefulness with eye closure (WEC), stage1 (S1), stage2 (S2), stage3 or 4 (S34) were recorded at centroparietal region (C4-P4 bipolar derivation) in 10 normal subjects. Lyapunov exponents of 50 EEG time series in different states were compared. RESULTS: LLE's of WEO, WEC, S1, S2, S34 showed an increas-ing tendency as states switched from wakefulness to sleep. LLE of sleep was larger than that of awake state. CONCLUSIONS: The EEG of the sleep state appeared to be more chaotic than that of the awake state. This nonlinear chaos parameter can be used as a physiological parameter of normal sleep and awake states.
Electroencephalography* ; Sleep Stages ; Wakefulness*

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a signal processing algorithm to separate independent sources from unknown mixed signals and can be applied to separate artifacts and independent neural sources from EEG recordings. This study was designed to extract individual components of eyeball movements from scalp EEG. Digital EEG signals were recorded using the international 10-20 system during eye closure, eye opening, and blinking. 18 EEG tracings using bipolar montage were analyzed by ICA algorithm into 18 independent components. Each of the components was reviewed, selected, and reconstructed into an original montage. Among 18 components, two components which were thought to represent eyeball movements were obtained. Each of the components was inversely projected into the original bipolar montage. This inverse projection showed separated vertical and horizontal eyeball movements components. These results suggest that the ICA analysis of EEG can separate vertical and horizontal eyeball movements and may be applied to separate other EEG artifacts and source signals from unknown mixed sources recordings of EEG.
Artifacts ; Blinking ; Electroencephalography ; Scalp

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a transient condition characterized by altered mental status, seizure, headache, and visual disturbance with typical neuro-imaging findings in the bilateral parieto-occipital regions. Clinicians should be aware of this syndrome because delayed diagnosis and treatment result in irreversible neurologic deficits. We present the case of a 77-year-old male diagnosed with PRES in the setting of postoperative critical illness caused by small-bowel strangulation.
Aged ; Critical Illness* ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Headache ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Male ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome* ; Postoperative Period ; Seizures

The present study was undertaken to investigate serum carboxyhemoglobin levels in smokers according to the amount of cigarrettes. many studies have shown definite and consistent relations between smoking and ischemic heart disease. The purpose of this study is to show that COHb levels can be used to discriminate between persons having certain ischemic heart disease and persons without these disease more accurately than is possible by using smoking history alone, and thus to suggest that this may be a good indicators of risk. The results of this study are as follow : 1) The incidence of ischemic heart disease in smoker is higher than that in non-smoker. 2) For a given COHb level there is no clear increasing trend in the population of affected subjects with increasing cigarette consumption and there is no significant change cigarette consumption under duration of 10 year's smoking history. 3) For a moderate and a heavy smoking categories there is a consistent effect of an increasing proportion of affected subjects as the COHb level rises and there is a significant change with COHb level under duration of 10 year's smoking history. 4) The same results are as over duration of 10 year's history. 5) There were no significant interaction between under duration of 10 year's smoking history and over duration of 10 year's smoking history. In conclusion, it seemed that cigarette smoking may play an important factor in development of ischemic heart disease by increasing serum carboxyhemoglobin level.
Carboxyhemoglobin* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Myocardial Ischemia* ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products

The authors have treated 30 cases of trochanteric fracture of the femur from June 1987, to July 1988 at Dong Suwon General Hospital. The 30 cases included, 8 Condylocephalic Kuentscher nailing, 9 Ender nailing, 7 Multiple pinning, 5 Antegrade Kuentscher nailing and 1 Row plating. 1. The shape of condylocephalic Kuentscher nail should be designed differently, contoured circular arc in anteroposterior and angled in lateral plane. In the anteroposterior plane : The length of the radius of the arc is measured by following way. 1) Design the shape of the nail on the X-ray film of the normal femur which was taken in full internal rotation of the leg. 2) Make three points in the femoral film. One is A, midcentral point of the femoral canal of the isthmus. Point B is center of upper lateral quadrant of the femoral head. Point C is apart from medial cortex 5-7mm at the level of entry portal of the nail. 3) Make point D: Draw the perpendicular lines from the right middle of the AB and AC. These lines meet at the point D. AD is radius of the arc of nail. Draw an arc measuring by the length of AD and mold the nail following the arc. In the lsteral plane ; The nail is bent into three or four segments and the length of the longest segment should not be exceeded the permissible length of straight nail, the latter is distance from entry portal of the nail to anterior cortex of the femur where the tip of the inserted nail is impinged, about 15cm. 2. Two different types of the Ender nailings are used depend on the type of the fracture. In intertrochanteric fracture, the trochanter is remained in the distal fragment and acts as the crane post to fix the proximal fragment(interfragmental compression screw fixation) by horizontal screw inserted through the lateral cortex of the distal fragment into medial cortex of the proximal fragment and fixed with another screw inserted into the distal fragment by tension band wiring. In transtrochanteric frscture, the proximal fragment is fixed by two different kinds of the nails, prior to the nailing medial displacement of the distal fragment is not reduced. The first nail is driven along the medial wall of the medullary canal of the distal fragment, the tip of the nail comes out of the fracture site and impinges to the inferomedeial aspect of the head along the out side of the neck. The nail is inserted into the head after correction of nail direction. The second and third nails are inserted through the medullary canal of the fragments. The proximal fragment is fixed between two nail groups. 3. Antegrade Kuentscher nailing is used for undisplaced trochanteric fracture with segmental fracture or comminuted, segmental subtrochanteric fracture. The open reduction and fixation is preferable in comminuted segmental subtrochanteric fracture for its accurate reduction. The authors msde additional several holes, transverse, sagittal (at the dorsum of the nail) oblique holes around the nail, so the interlocking screw can be easily inserted to the nail when the insertion of the screw through the transverse holes are difficult. 4. It's extremely important to study the fracture carefully when the surgeon plans to use the multiple pinning for trochanteric fracture. The fracture configuration has to be determined in regard to expect stability after local pinning especially in lateral plane. The fracture is fixed by horizontal pin, low angle pin, curved buttress pin(or screw) solidly, not parallel as in neck fracture. The curved buttress rush pin should be inserted as acting as the anteromedial or posteromedial buttress.
Femur ; Fungi ; Gyeonggi-do ; Head ; Hospitals, General ; Leg ; Neck ; Radius ; X-Ray Film

In 8218 newborns who were born in Ewha Womans University Hospital during the period from January, 1974 to December, 1978, the authors investigated the mortality rate within 7 days after birth and studied the factors associated with it. The results are as follows; 1. The early neonatal mortality rate was, in average, 15.5 among 1000 live newborns. 2. The mortality rate was 1.5 times greater in males than in females. 3. According to the birth weight, marked increase of mortality rate was found in those under 2500 gm and all under 1000 gm were expired during the first week of life. 4. The gestational age under 37 weeks was associated with higher mortality rate and all under 27 weeks were expired. 5. The lower the both birth weight and gestational age were, the higher the mortality rate was. The lower gestational age in the same birth weight group or the lower birth weight in the same gestational age group was associated with higher mortality rate. The mortality rate was also higher in those with lower Apgar score. 6. 69.8% of neonatal death occurred within 24 hours after birth and the rate decreased during the succeeding days. 7. The most common cause of death was abnormal pulmonary ventilation (30.1%), which was followed by congenital anomalies, prematurity, birth trauma and infection in the order of frequency. 10 of 11 autopsied cases were found to have anomalies or diseases of the lung.
Apgar Score ; Birth Weight ; Cause of Death ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality* ; Infant, Newborn ; Lung ; Male ; Mortality ; Parturition ; Pulmonary Ventilation

A clinical analysis of infective endocarditis was done in 34 patients who were admitted to National Medical Center from march. 1972 to June. 1984, and the results were as follows. 1) There was no difference in ratio between sexes. The prevalence was highest in the 3rd decade. 2) The important preexisting heart diseases were rheumatic heart disease(32.4%), congenital heart disease(17.6%) and undefined cardiac condition(20.6%) in order of frequency. 3) The common symptoms and signs on admission were fever(88.3%), cardiac murmur(79.4%), malaise(70.6%), dyspnea (64.7%), palpitation(55.9%) and hepatosplenomegaly(55.9%). 4) The positive blood culture was obtained in 15(47%) of the cases. Those who had not received antibiotics before admission showed higher rate of positive culture(72.7%) than in those who had received(33.3%). 5) The laboratary findings revealed anemia(73.5%), leukocytosis(35.3%), increased ESR(73.5%), microscopic hematuria(61.8%) and positive CRP(100.0%). 6) The EKG findings showed normal(11.8%), sinus tachycardia(32.4%), LV hypertrophy(29.4%), non-specific ST-T change(20.6%) and AV block(14.7%). 7) Vegetation was detected by echocardiography in 43% of cases and the most frequently involved valve was aortic(66.7%). 8) The combination of penicillin and aminoglycoside was effective in 86.4% of patients so treated.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Dyspnea ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Endocarditis* ; Heart ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Penicillins ; Prevalence

Clinical study on meconium-stained babies among 6190 newborn's delivered at EWHA Womans University Hospital in 5-year period from January 1973 to December 1977 was. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The incidence of meconium staining was 10.87% in total 6190 newborns. 2) There was a tendency of increasing incidence of meconium staining in babies with higher birth weights and longer gestational periods. 3) The highest rate of meconium staining was in the group of 21~25 year of maternal age and the primipara group. The mortality rate of meconium stained baby was higher in mother's age groups of 35 years and older, and primipara groups. 4) The rate of meconium staining increased if the durations of labor or rupture of membrane was longer than 24 hours. 5) Perinatal mortality rate was higher in groups of meconium stained baby compared to non-stained groups and the incidence of aspiration pneumonia and congenital anomaly was higher in meconium stained baby, also, but that of prematurity and idiopathic respiration distress syndrome was higher in non-stained group. 6) 24.38% of mothers of meconium stained baby was found to have medical problems during the pregnancy e.g. toxemia, diabetes mellitus, syphilis etc.
Birth Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Maternal Age ; Meconium ; Membranes ; Mortality ; Mothers ; Perinatal Mortality ; Pneumonia, Aspiration ; Pregnancy ; Respiration ; Rupture ; Syphilis ; Toxemia