Lonicera japonica are recognized in traditional oriental medicine for their notable antiviral, antiinflammatory, and antibacterial attributes. According to the findings from the previous study, it demonstrates antioxidative and neuroprotective activity. Analytical methods for the simultaneous quantification of eight compounds isolated from L. japonica, loganin (1), secoxyloganin (2), caffeic acid (3) rutin (4), hyperoside (5), lonicerin (6), quercetin (7) and luteolin (8) were established through the utilization of HPLC-DAD. This HPLC analysis was conducted using a Luna C18 column (5 μm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm) at 25 o C. The mobile phase, comprising 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile, was run at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Validation of the method included assessments for linearity, precision and accuracy. The calibration curve displayed exceptional performance, boasting an r² value surpassing 0.9989. Limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 1.11 to 3.18 mg/ mL, while limits of quantification (LOQ) spanned from 3.33 to 9.54 mg/mL. In the precision test, both intra- and inter-day assessments revealed minimal relative standard deviations (RSD) values, consistently below 2.91% and 3.48%, respectively. Accuracy test outcomes fell within the 98.22% to 103.47% range, with RSD values consistently under 2.68%. These findings affirm the HPLC-DAD method’s high reliability and accuracy in the quantitative analysis of eight compounds in L. japonica extract, rendering it well-suited for quality control purposes.

Lysimachia christinae Hance was commonly used in Oriental medicine for treating the hepatitis virus, cholecystitis and cholagogic efficiency. According to the previous study, it possesses high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Simultaneous determination analytical method of isolated eight compounds, cynaroside (1), 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) ethyl O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl-(1→3)] β-Dglucopyranoside (2), stearylester ricinoleic acid (3), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-1-yl palmitate (4), 2-hydroxy-24-methoxy-4-tetracosenoic acid (5), 2-hydroxy-24-propoxy-4-tetracosenoic acid (6), β-sitosterol (7), and androst-16-ene-3,6-diol (8) were established by using HPLC-DAD. This HPLC analysis was detected on a Dionex C18 column (5 ㎛, 120 Å, 4.6 mm × 150 mm) at 25 o C. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Validation of the method was assessed by linearity, precision and accuracy test. Calibration curve was good at r 2 > 0.9998. Limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.19 to 8.18 g/ml and Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.19 to 24.80 g/ml. The relative standard deviations (RSD) values of precision test, intra- and inter- day, were less than 0.99% and 1.0%. The accuracy test results ranged from 98.81% to 106.49% and RSD values were less than 0.95%. These results showed that the HPLC-DAD method was very reliable and accurate for the quantity analysis of eight compounds in L. christinae extract for quality control.

Descurainia sophia seeds methanol extract showed significant anti-influenza activity and we tried to isolate anti-influenza compounds from the D. sophia extract. D. sophia seeds were extracted with 80% methanol and fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, CHCl 3 and n-butanol. The anti-influenza activity of each fraction was assessed using sulforhodamine B (SRB) method in A549 cells, human-derived lung cancer cells. The ethyl acetate and CHCl 3 fractions showed the most potent anti-influenza activity. Seven compounds were isolated from CHCl 3 fraction and identified 1-decanol (1), 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (2), daucosterol (3), isorhamnetin (4), quercetin (5), sinapic acid (6), and helveticoside (7) by spectroscopic data such as UV, IR, 1 H-NMR, 1 C-NMR and mass spectroscopy. Anti-influenza activities of isolated compounds were evaluated using SRB method in A549 cells. Compounds 3, 4 and 7 had significant antiinfluenza activity in a dose-dependent manner.

Oxidative stress brings about apoptosis through various mechanisms. In particular, oxidative stress in neuronal cells can causes a variety of brain diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Bidens tripartita on oxidative stress in neuronal cells. B. tripartita has traditionally been used in Russia as a medicine for diseases such as rhinitis, angina and colitis. Over-production of glutamate induces oxidative stress. When the oxidative stress occurs in the cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca 2+ increase. In addition, the abrupt decline of mitochondrial membrane potential and the decrease of glutathione related enzymes such as glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are also observed. The samples used in the experiment showed cytoprotective effect in the MTT assay. It also lowered the ROS and Ca 2+ level, and increased degree of mitochondrial membrane potential, GR and GPx. As a result, B. tripartita had a positive effect against oxidative stress. Thus, it is expected to have potential for treatment and prevention of degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.

We previously reported that dried Lysimachia christinae whole plant extract exerted significant neuroprotective activity. In this study, we tried to isolate neuroprotective compounds of L. christinae. We evaluated the neuroprotective activity of the four fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions) of methanol extract. Among them, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed most potent neuroprotective activity against glutamate excitotoxicity. Nine compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of L. christinae extract and identified as cynaroside (1), (3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxytetrahydro-2Hpyran-2-yl)methyl-3-hydroxy-2-octyldopentaconta-23,33-dienoate (2), androst-16-ene-3,6-diol (3), 2-hydroxy-24-propoxytetracos-4-enoic acid (4), 2-hydroxy-24-methoxytetracos-4-enoic acid (5), 12-(stearoyloxy)octadec-9-enoic acid (6), β-sitosterol (7), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl palmitate (8) and (1S,2S,3R,4R)-4-(((2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-(((2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethoxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)oxy)cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol (9) by spectroscopic data such as UV, IR, NMR, Mass spectroscopy. Their neuroprotective activity was evaluated by MTT assay. Cynaroside (1) and androst-16-ene-3,6-diol (3) had significant neuroprotective activity against glutamate-injured HT22 cells. The neuroprotective efficacy of cynaroside (1) and androst-16-ene-3,6-diol (3) was related to their anti-oxidative activity.

The cognitive-enhancing effects of cynaroside, isolated from Lysimachia christinae, were evaluated in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice using the Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. Cynaroside significantly improved scopolamine-induced reference memory impairment in the Morris water maze test. It also enhanced the mean escape latency, mean path length, and swimming movement. In the passive avoidance test, cynaroside significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia, achieving approximately 70% of the level observed in normal control mice.Donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and widely used drug for Alzheimer’s disease treatment, served as a positive control. Cynaroside significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in the cortex and hippocampus, similar to the effects seen in mice treated with donepezil (1 mg/kg body weight, administered orally). These data suggest that cynaroside exerts potent cognitive-enhancing activity through anti-acetylcholinesterase mechanisms.

Descurainia sophia was commonly used for treating of cough and asthma in Asian country such as Korea, China and Japan. According to our previous study, it also had anti-influenza activity and anti-influenza compounds were isolated and identified. In this study, simultaneous determination analytical method of isolated five compounds such as daucosterol (1), helveticoside (2), isorhamnetin (3), quercetin (4), and sinapic acid (5) was established by using HPLC-DAD. The HPLC analysis was carried out using a Dionex C 18 column (5 µm particle size, 120 Å pore size, 4.6 mm × 150 mm dimensions) at a constant temperature of 25 o C. The mobile phase consisted of a blend of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetonitrile and delivered at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Method validation was conducted to assess its reliability and accuracy. The calibration curve exhibited excellent linearity, with an R² value exceeding 0.9994, demonstrating the method’s capability to accurately quantify the compounds across a range of concentrations. Limit of Detection (LOD) ranged from 0.93 to 3.19 µg/ mL, and limit of quantification (LOQ) spanned from 2.79 to 9.57 µg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) values of precision test, intra- and inter- day, were less than 1.28 % and 1.14%. The accuracy test results ranged from 100.81% to 105.31% and RSD values were less than 1.26 %. These results showed that the HPLC-DAD method was very reliable and accurate for the quantity analysis of eight compounds in D. sophia extract for quality control.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the gradual loss of memory and learning abilities, representing a form of dementia. Lysimachia christinae (LC), a traditional medicinal plant native to China, Japan, and Korea, is esteemed for its reputed cholagogic, hepatoprotective, and antihyperlipidemic properties.Previous research from our team has demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of LC extract in HT22 cells exposed to glutamate insult. This study seeks to further explore LC’s potential in enhancing cognitive function, utilizing a mouse model with scopolamine-induced memory impairment. The Morris water maze test assessed spatial memory enhancement, while the passive avoidance test evaluated its effect on learning memory. LC was extracted using methanol and an ultrasonic extraction device. Subsequently, the LC extract was administered to ICR mice subjected to scopolamine insult at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Notably, the LC extract significantly improved memory impairment induced by scopolamine and inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity. These results suggest that the LC extract ameliorated memory impairment by enhancing the acetylcholine esterase signaling pathway. Based on these findings, we propose that the LC extract shows promise as a potential candidate for the development of new nutraceuticals aimed at improving memoryimpairment.

The cognitive-enhancing effects of cynaroside, isolated from Lysimachia christinae, were evaluated in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice using the Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. Cynaroside significantly improved scopolamine-induced reference memory impairment in the Morris water maze test. It also enhanced the mean escape latency, mean path length, and swimming movement. In the passive avoidance test, cynaroside significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia, achieving approximately 70% of the level observed in normal control mice.Donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and widely used drug for Alzheimer’s disease treatment, served as a positive control. Cynaroside significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in the cortex and hippocampus, similar to the effects seen in mice treated with donepezil (1 mg/kg body weight, administered orally). These data suggest that cynaroside exerts potent cognitive-enhancing activity through anti-acetylcholinesterase mechanisms.

The cognitive-enhancing effects of cynaroside, isolated from Lysimachia christinae, were evaluated in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice using the Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. Cynaroside significantly improved scopolamine-induced reference memory impairment in the Morris water maze test. It also enhanced the mean escape latency, mean path length, and swimming movement. In the passive avoidance test, cynaroside significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia, achieving approximately 70% of the level observed in normal control mice.Donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and widely used drug for Alzheimer’s disease treatment, served as a positive control. Cynaroside significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in the cortex and hippocampus, similar to the effects seen in mice treated with donepezil (1 mg/kg body weight, administered orally). These data suggest that cynaroside exerts potent cognitive-enhancing activity through anti-acetylcholinesterase mechanisms.