Lonicera japonica are recognized in traditional oriental medicine for their notable antiviral, antiinflammatory, and antibacterial attributes. According to the findings from the previous study, it demonstrates antioxidative and neuroprotective activity. Analytical methods for the simultaneous quantification of eight compounds isolated from L. japonica, loganin (1), secoxyloganin (2), caffeic acid (3) rutin (4), hyperoside (5), lonicerin (6), quercetin (7) and luteolin (8) were established through the utilization of HPLC-DAD. This HPLC analysis was conducted using a Luna C18 column (5 μm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm) at 25 o C. The mobile phase, comprising 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile, was run at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Validation of the method included assessments for linearity, precision and accuracy. The calibration curve displayed exceptional performance, boasting an r² value surpassing 0.9989. Limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 1.11 to 3.18 mg/ mL, while limits of quantification (LOQ) spanned from 3.33 to 9.54 mg/mL. In the precision test, both intra- and inter-day assessments revealed minimal relative standard deviations (RSD) values, consistently below 2.91% and 3.48%, respectively. Accuracy test outcomes fell within the 98.22% to 103.47% range, with RSD values consistently under 2.68%. These findings affirm the HPLC-DAD method’s high reliability and accuracy in the quantitative analysis of eight compounds in L. japonica extract, rendering it well-suited for quality control purposes.

Lysimachia christinae Hance was commonly used in Oriental medicine for treating the hepatitis virus, cholecystitis and cholagogic efficiency. According to the previous study, it possesses high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Simultaneous determination analytical method of isolated eight compounds, cynaroside (1), 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) ethyl O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl-(1→3)] β-Dglucopyranoside (2), stearylester ricinoleic acid (3), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-1-yl palmitate (4), 2-hydroxy-24-methoxy-4-tetracosenoic acid (5), 2-hydroxy-24-propoxy-4-tetracosenoic acid (6), β-sitosterol (7), and androst-16-ene-3,6-diol (8) were established by using HPLC-DAD. This HPLC analysis was detected on a Dionex C18 column (5 ㎛, 120 Å, 4.6 mm × 150 mm) at 25 o C. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Validation of the method was assessed by linearity, precision and accuracy test. Calibration curve was good at r 2 > 0.9998. Limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.19 to 8.18 g/ml and Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.19 to 24.80 g/ml. The relative standard deviations (RSD) values of precision test, intra- and inter- day, were less than 0.99% and 1.0%. The accuracy test results ranged from 98.81% to 106.49% and RSD values were less than 0.95%. These results showed that the HPLC-DAD method was very reliable and accurate for the quantity analysis of eight compounds in L. christinae extract for quality control.

We previously reported that dried Lysimachia christinae whole plant extract exerted significant neuroprotective activity. In this study, we tried to isolate neuroprotective compounds of L. christinae. We evaluated the neuroprotective activity of the four fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions) of methanol extract. Among them, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed most potent neuroprotective activity against glutamate excitotoxicity. Nine compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of L. christinae extract and identified as cynaroside (1), (3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxytetrahydro-2Hpyran-2-yl)methyl-3-hydroxy-2-octyldopentaconta-23,33-dienoate (2), androst-16-ene-3,6-diol (3), 2-hydroxy-24-propoxytetracos-4-enoic acid (4), 2-hydroxy-24-methoxytetracos-4-enoic acid (5), 12-(stearoyloxy)octadec-9-enoic acid (6), β-sitosterol (7), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl palmitate (8) and (1S,2S,3R,4R)-4-(((2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-(((2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethoxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)oxy)cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol (9) by spectroscopic data such as UV, IR, NMR, Mass spectroscopy. Their neuroprotective activity was evaluated by MTT assay. Cynaroside (1) and androst-16-ene-3,6-diol (3) had significant neuroprotective activity against glutamate-injured HT22 cells. The neuroprotective efficacy of cynaroside (1) and androst-16-ene-3,6-diol (3) was related to their anti-oxidative activity.

The ability of androst-16-ene-3,6-diol, a compound derived from Lysimachia christinae, to enhancecognitive function was assessed in mice with scopolamine-induced amnesia. through behavioral and biochemical studies. The Morris water maze test demonstrated significant improvements in spatial learning and memory, with treated mice showing reduced escape latency, shorter path lengths, and enhanced swimming trajectories compared to scopolamine-treated controls. In the passive avoidance test, androst-16-ene-3,6-diol effectively restored retention memory, getting about 65% of the performance detected in control mice group. Biochemical analysis revealed that androst-16-ene-3,6-diol notably diminished acetylcholinesterase activity in the cortex and hippocampus, critical regions for learning and memory. These effects were comparable to those of donepezil, a standard acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as a positive control (1 mg/kg orally). The findings indicate that androst-16-ene-3,6-diol exerts robust cognitive-enhancing effects by mitigating scopolamine-induced cholinergic deficits through acetylcholinesterase inhibition. This highlights its potential as a promising therapeutic candidate for memory impairment and neurodegenerative disorders.

Oxidative stress, a key factor in the progression of brain diseases, induces apoptosis through multiplepathways. This study investigates the protective effects of Euonymus elatus, a traditional Korean remedy for conditions such as atherosclerosis, dysmenorrhea, and pain, on neuronal cells under oxidative stress. Excess glutamate was used to model oxidative stress, resulting in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased intracellular calcium (Ca²⁺), reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased activity of glutathionerelated enzymes, including glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Experimental results revealed that E. elatus extract provided significant cytoprotective effects. The extracts improved cell viability in MTT assays, reduced ROS and Ca²⁺ levels, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhanced the activity of GR and GPx. These findings highlight the potential of E. elatus as a therapeutic candidate for mitigating oxidative stress and treating neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease.

The ability of androst-16-ene-3,6-diol, a compound derived from Lysimachia christinae, to enhancecognitive function was assessed in mice with scopolamine-induced amnesia. through behavioral and biochemical studies. The Morris water maze test demonstrated significant improvements in spatial learning and memory, with treated mice showing reduced escape latency, shorter path lengths, and enhanced swimming trajectories compared to scopolamine-treated controls. In the passive avoidance test, androst-16-ene-3,6-diol effectively restored retention memory, getting about 65% of the performance detected in control mice group. Biochemical analysis revealed that androst-16-ene-3,6-diol notably diminished acetylcholinesterase activity in the cortex and hippocampus, critical regions for learning and memory. These effects were comparable to those of donepezil, a standard acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as a positive control (1 mg/kg orally). The findings indicate that androst-16-ene-3,6-diol exerts robust cognitive-enhancing effects by mitigating scopolamine-induced cholinergic deficits through acetylcholinesterase inhibition. This highlights its potential as a promising therapeutic candidate for memory impairment and neurodegenerative disorders.

Oxidative stress, a key factor in the progression of brain diseases, induces apoptosis through multiplepathways. This study investigates the protective effects of Euonymus elatus, a traditional Korean remedy for conditions such as atherosclerosis, dysmenorrhea, and pain, on neuronal cells under oxidative stress. Excess glutamate was used to model oxidative stress, resulting in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased intracellular calcium (Ca²⁺), reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased activity of glutathionerelated enzymes, including glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Experimental results revealed that E. elatus extract provided significant cytoprotective effects. The extracts improved cell viability in MTT assays, reduced ROS and Ca²⁺ levels, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhanced the activity of GR and GPx. These findings highlight the potential of E. elatus as a therapeutic candidate for mitigating oxidative stress and treating neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease.

The ability of androst-16-ene-3,6-diol, a compound derived from Lysimachia christinae, to enhancecognitive function was assessed in mice with scopolamine-induced amnesia. through behavioral and biochemical studies. The Morris water maze test demonstrated significant improvements in spatial learning and memory, with treated mice showing reduced escape latency, shorter path lengths, and enhanced swimming trajectories compared to scopolamine-treated controls. In the passive avoidance test, androst-16-ene-3,6-diol effectively restored retention memory, getting about 65% of the performance detected in control mice group. Biochemical analysis revealed that androst-16-ene-3,6-diol notably diminished acetylcholinesterase activity in the cortex and hippocampus, critical regions for learning and memory. These effects were comparable to those of donepezil, a standard acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as a positive control (1 mg/kg orally). The findings indicate that androst-16-ene-3,6-diol exerts robust cognitive-enhancing effects by mitigating scopolamine-induced cholinergic deficits through acetylcholinesterase inhibition. This highlights its potential as a promising therapeutic candidate for memory impairment and neurodegenerative disorders.

Oxidative stress, a key factor in the progression of brain diseases, induces apoptosis through multiplepathways. This study investigates the protective effects of Euonymus elatus, a traditional Korean remedy for conditions such as atherosclerosis, dysmenorrhea, and pain, on neuronal cells under oxidative stress. Excess glutamate was used to model oxidative stress, resulting in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased intracellular calcium (Ca²⁺), reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased activity of glutathionerelated enzymes, including glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Experimental results revealed that E. elatus extract provided significant cytoprotective effects. The extracts improved cell viability in MTT assays, reduced ROS and Ca²⁺ levels, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhanced the activity of GR and GPx. These findings highlight the potential of E. elatus as a therapeutic candidate for mitigating oxidative stress and treating neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Descurainia sophia seeds methanol extract showed significant anti-influenza activity and we tried to isolate anti-influenza compounds from the D. sophia extract. D. sophia seeds were extracted with 80% methanol and fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, CHCl 3 and n-butanol. The anti-influenza activity of each fraction was assessed using sulforhodamine B (SRB) method in A549 cells, human-derived lung cancer cells. The ethyl acetate and CHCl 3 fractions showed the most potent anti-influenza activity. Seven compounds were isolated from CHCl 3 fraction and identified 1-decanol (1), 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (2), daucosterol (3), isorhamnetin (4), quercetin (5), sinapic acid (6), and helveticoside (7) by spectroscopic data such as UV, IR, 1 H-NMR, 1 C-NMR and mass spectroscopy. Anti-influenza activities of isolated compounds were evaluated using SRB method in A549 cells. Compounds 3, 4 and 7 had significant antiinfluenza activity in a dose-dependent manner.