PURPOSE: To determine whether it is necessary to analyze the semen of varicocele patients in their early 20s who are not complaining of infertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data was collected retrospectively from 128 men with varicocele with no complaint of infertility, but with complaints of pain/discomfort or a mass/swelling during a 4-year period beginning in January 2009. The varicocele cases were matched 4 : 1 by age to 32 hemospermia controls. RESULTS: The median patient age was 22.0 years in the case group and 24.0 years in the control group. The median values of the percentage of normal motility, normal morphology, and density in the case group were 42.5%, 40.0%, and 51.0x10(6)/mL, respectively. The median serum testosterone level was 4.2 ng/mL and 7.0% of the total patients had low serum testosterone levels in the case group. The number of patients with asthenospermia (17.2%), oligospermia (10.9%), and teratospermia (5.5%), and those with at least one abnormal semen parameter (19.5%) was significantly higher in the case group than the control group. The median values of the motility, morphology, and density of the case group were significantly lower than those of the control group. The multivariate analysis showed that patient characteristics (age, presence of pain, duration of symptoms, and grade of varicocele) cannot help to predict abnormal semen parameters (asthenospermia, oligospermia, teratospermia, or cases of at least 1 abnormal semen parameter) or serum testosterone levels <3.0 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Semen analysis is required as a screening test for semen abnormalities regardless of the chief complaint in varicocele patients in their early 20s.
Hemospermia ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Multivariate Analysis ; Oligospermia ; Retrospective Studies ; Semen ; Semen Analysis* ; Testosterone ; Varicocele*

PURPOSE: Type of work might be related to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, scant data are available. We performed this study to investigate whether the prevalence of MetS and insulin resistance differed according to occupation in middle-aged men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In all, 2,348 men in their 40s~50s who had participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV were included and were classified into two groups according to the type of work (manual worker vs. non-manual worker). Diagnosis of MetS required satisfying three or more of the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Fasting insulin, the glucose/insulin ratio (G/I ratio), and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were used to estimate the insulin resistance. We used the Mann-Whitney test, chi2 tests, multiple linear regression test, and logistic regression analyses to examine the relationships. RESULTS: Age was significantly higher in the manual worker group. Body mass index was significantly lower in the manual worker group. Rates of current smoking and frequent drinking were higher in the manual worker group. In terms of surrogate markers of insulin resistance, the age-adjusted mean of fasting insulin, G/I ratio, and HOMA-IR indicated that lower insulin resistance was significantly related to manual work. After adjusting for age and other confounding factors, non-manual workers had a higher risk of the MetS than manual workers. The odds ratio in relation to MetS was significantly lower in the manual workers. CONCLUSIONS: MetS and impaired insulin resistance are significantly related to non-manual work in middle-aged Korean men.
Biomarkers ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol ; Diagnosis ; Drinking ; Education ; Fasting ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance* ; Insulin* ; Linear Models ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Occupations ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: There is a lack of information on female urinary incontinence (UI) in South Korea. We investigated the prevalence, risk factors, quality of life (QoL), and healthcare-seeking behaviors of women with UI. METHODS: We included 9,873 women over the age of 20 years who had participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV. The condition of UI was defined as answering "yes" to the question "Do you have UI?" Additionally, health care seeking behavior for UI was defined as answering "yes" to "Have you ever been treated for UI?' The EuroQoL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) descriptive system was used to evaluate QoL. RESULTS: The mean age of our sample was 49.7 years. The overall prevalence of UI was 7.9%. The prevalence of UI significantly increased with age. The rate of healthcare-seeking behavior for UI also significantly increased with age. However, the rate of healthcare seeking for UI was significantly lower when compared to the prevalence of UI. In our multivariate analysis, age, body mass index, and marriage were significantly and independently associated with UI. As the severity of all the subscales of EQ-5D increased, the unadjusted odds ratio for UI also increased. After adjusting for potential confounders, the subscales of mobility, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression from the EQ-5D were significantly associated with UI. CONCLUSIONS: UI is a common disease and is significantly associated with QoL. Our results suggest the need for developing preventive measures and treatment policies for UI.
Body Mass Index ; Delivery of Health Care ; Epidemiology ; Female* ; Humans ; Korea ; Marriage ; Multivariate Analysis ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Odds Ratio ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Prevalence* ; Quality of Life* ; Risk Factors* ; Urinary Incontinence*