Objective To describe the distribution of body mass index (BMI) and evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among first to sixth graders in 8 Chinese provinces.Methods Data came from the baseline survey of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded project Study on Intervention Models for Main Chronic Diseases among children in China.A stratified random cluster sampling strategy was used to select study participants in 8 provinces,including Inner Mongolia,Jiangsu,Anhui,Shandong,Hunan,Guangxi,Gansu provinces,and Chongqing,with diverse geographical and economic level distributions in China.Counties in each province were stratified into three strata according to economic level,and one county was selected systematically from each stratum.In each county,one urban and one rural elementary school were randomly selected ; and in each school,2-3 classes were randomly selected from each of 1-6 grades.All students in these selected classes were invited for participation.Physical examination was performed by trained local CDC staff using standardized instruments to measure height and weight.Overweight and obesity were diagnosed based on the BMI classification standards for Chinese children and adolescents by Working Group for Obesity in China (WGOC).Results A total of 26558(14225 boy,12333 girl) students aged 6-12 years eventually participated in 8 provinces.The average age was 9.3 ±1.8 years old.Mean BMI among boys (17.0 kg/m2) was higher than that among girls (16.4 kg/m2,t =19.60,P＜0.01).There were statistically significant differences in mean BMI of each age group of boys and 6-11 age groups of girls between urban and rural regions and among those with three economic levels (P＜0.05).The 85th and 95th percentiles of BMI among boys aged 7-11 years in urban region were higher than BMI reference in the standards from WGOC.Lower percentiles were observed among girls aged 7-12 years in rural region.The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 9.3％ and 6.5％ among schoolchildren aged 7-12 years.The prevalence of overweight among boys (10.9％) was higher than that among girls(7.6％,x2 =88.89,P＜0.01) ; while prevalence of obesity were 8.0％ among boys and4.7％ among girls,respectively (x2 =107.17,P＜0.01).The prevalence of overweight was 11.3％ in urban and 7.4％ in rural children(x2 =131.94,P＜0.01).The prevalence of obesity was 8.7％ in urban and 4.3％ in rural children(x2 =188.99,P＜0.01).The prevalences of overweight were 10.3％,8.6％ and 9.0％ in individuals with high,medium,and low economic levels,respectively(x2 =10.76,P＜0.01) ; while the prevalences of obesity were 8.2％,5.6％,and 5.4％,respectively (x2 =51.71,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese school children was high.The prevalence in urban region with high economic level was significantly higher than that in rural region with middle and low economic level.The nutritional and behavioral intervention programs are needed to control the rising trend of obesity in children.

AIM:To investigate the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell(BMSC) transplantation on learning and memory abilities and pathological changes of Alzheimer disease (AD) mice and the molecular mechanisms. METHODS:C57/BL6 wild-type (WT) and transgenic(Tg) mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:WT/PBS group, WT/BMSCs group,Tg/PBS group and Tg/BMSCs group. The mice were administered with PBS or BMSCs via intracere-broventricular injection. Spatial learning and memory abilities of the mice were evaluated by Morris water maze test on the 3rd day after surgery. Real-time PCR was applied to detect the mRNA expression of CX3C chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1),CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), IL-1β, TNF-α, Nurr1, YM1, insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP9). The protein levels of CX3CL1 and Aβ42 were measured by ELISA. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synaptophysin (SYP). RE-SULTS:The transplanted BMSCs were observed near the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice on the 10th postoperative day. The escape latency of the mice in Tg/PBS group was significantly longer than that in the WT/PBS mice(P<0.05). Com-pared with Tg/PBS group,the escape latency of Tg/BMSCs group was significantly shorter (P<0.05), and the mRNA and protein levels of CX3CL1 in Tg/BMSCs group were significantly higher than those in Tg/PBS group (P<0.01). The results of immunohistofluorescence staining showed that BMSC transplantation promoted the activation of microglia in the brain of WT and Tg mice. The mRNA expression of YM1 was up-regulated in WT/BMSCs group and Tg/BMSCs group (P<0.05). Compared with WT/PBS mice, the mRNA expression of TNF-α in the cortex and hippocampus of Tg/PBS group was significantly increased (P<0.05),and the mRNA expression of Nurr1 in the cortex was significantly decreased (P<0.01). Meanwhile,the mRNA expression of TNF-α in the cortex of Tg/BMSCs mice was decreased(P<0.01) and the mRNA expression of CX3CR1 and Nurr1 was up-regulated compared with Tg/PBS group (P<0.05). The results of Western blot showed that the protein levels of PSD95,p85,p110 and p-Akt in Tg/BMSCs group were significantly higher than those in Tg/PBS group (P<0.05). Finally, BMSC transplantation reduced the protein level of Aβ42 in APP/PS1 mice(P<0.05), and increased the mRNA expression of IDE and MMP9 in the hippocampus (P <0.05). CONCLU-SION:BMSC transplantation modulates neuroinflammatory responses and promotes neuroprotective factor and synaptic pro-tein expression,thus improving the learning and memory abilities in the APP/PS1 mice,which may be achieved by up-reg-ulating the expression of CX3CL1.

BACKGROUNDTo analyze the genetic polymorphism of HLA-Cw locus in Chinese Yi ethnic group by DNA typing for further study on its association with HIV infection and progression to AIDS.

METHODSA rapid genotyping method for HLA-Cw by PCR-SSP was set up. It combined twenty-six specific primers and one pair of internal control primer to form twenty-four one-step reactions for each sample. Totally 102 unrelated healthy Chinese Yi ethnic individuals were typed.

RESULTSTwelve HLA-Cw alleles were detected in Chinese Yi ethnic group with HLA-Cw*01, Cw*07 and Cw*08 as the most common genes, which accounted for a frequency of 0.333 3, 0.250 0 and 0.176 5 respectively; four kinds of non-serologically defined HLA-Cw genes i.e. Cw*12, Cw*1301, Cw*14 and Cw*15 were found in this population. Hardy-Weinburg test showed that the genotype distribution observed was correspondent with the expected (chi2=65.983 1, df=66, P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThis study provides the data of HLA-Cw gene frequency in Chinese Yi ethnic group, which may contribute to research on anthropology, disease association and vaccine application. The result also confirmed that PCR-SSP was a reliable and fast method for HLA-Cw genotyping.

Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; China ; ethnology ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; HLA-C Antigens ; genetics ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Random Allocation

OBJECTIVETo establish a HPLC fingerprint for quantitative analysis of the active constituents of jizhi syrup.

METHODHPLC analysis was performed on a Zorbax Sb C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm), the mobile phase in gradient elution was composed of (A) 1% acetic acid solution (including 0.2% triethylamine) and (B) acetonitrile, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was 30 degrees C and the wavelength was 280 nm.

RESULT21 common peaks were tested in 10 batches of samples. Compared with the standard fingerprint, the similarity of each sample was greater than 0.99. At the same time, protocatechuic acid, protocatechu aldehyde, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, naringin and neohesperidin were found in all samples.

CONCLUSIONThe established method can be used for the quality control of jizhi syrup.

Antitussive Agents ; chemistry ; Benzaldehydes ; analysis ; Catechols ; analysis ; Chlorogenic Acid ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Flavanones ; analysis ; Hydroxybenzoates ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results

Objective The aim is to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and risk of all-cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods A total of 17 638 patients with type 2 diabetes registered in the management of National Basic Public Health Services in two areas of southern and northern Jiangsu were recruited. Cox proportional risk regression model was used to calculate the hazard ratio(HR) value and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of different BMI groups in the follow-up period. Results The subjects were followed up for a total of 77 451 person-years with an average duration of 4.39 years, and 1 274 patients died during the follow-up period. The number of death in low weight group (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight group (18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<24 kg/m2), overweight (24 kg/m2≤BMI<28 kg/m2) and obese group (BMI≥28 kg/m2) were 39, 575, 484 and 176 respectively.The corresponding mortalities were 15.6%, 9.5%, 6.2% and 5.1%, respectively. Compared to normal weight group, the adjusted HR of all-cause mortality in low weight, overweight and obese group were 1.66 (95% CI: 1.20-2.30), 0.68 (95% CI: 0.61-0.77), 0.58 (95% CI: 0.48-0.68), respectively. Conclusions Low-weight patients have the highest risk of all-cause mortality compared with normal counterparts, while both overweight and obese people have a lower risk of death. Overweight and obesity may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetic patients.

Nano-drug delivery systems (nano-DDS) are the hotspots of new drug delivery systems, which have many advantages, such as sustained and controlled release, targeting delivery. Traditional pharmacokinetics are difficult to predict the efficacy of drugs in vivo sometimes. It is urgently needed to extend the traditional pharmacokinetics studies to the cell/subcellular level and perform cell pharmacokinetic studies. The study on the pharmacokinetics of nano-DDS helps us to elucidate the mechanism of the actions of them in cells and guides us to design and develop nano-DDS more reasonably. This article summarizes the research content and methods on the cellular pharmacokinetics of nano-DDS, in order to provide an important reference for the early stage design of nano-DDS.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of an intelligent handheld ultrasound (US) device for assisting non-expert general practitioners (GPs) in detecting carotid plaques (CPs) in community populations. Methods: This prospective parallel controlled trial recruited 111 consecutive community residents. All of them underwent examinations by non-expert GPs and specialist doctors using handheld US devices (setting A, setting B, and setting C). The results of setting C with specialist doctors were considered the gold standard. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and the features of CPs were measured and recorded. The diagnostic performance of GPs in distinguishing CPs was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Inter-observer agreement was compared using the intragroup correlation coefficient (ICC). Questionnaires were completed to evaluate clinical benefits. Results: Among the 111 community residents, 80, 96, and 112 CPs were detected in settings A, B, and C, respectively. Setting B exhibited better diagnostic performance than setting A for detecting CPs (area under the curve, 0.856 vs. 0.749; P<0.01). Setting B had better consistency with setting C than setting A in CIMT measurement and the assessment of CPs (ICC, 0.731 to 0.923). Moreover, measurements in setting B required less time than the other two settings (44.59 seconds vs. 108.87 seconds vs. 126.13 seconds, both P<0.01). Conclusion Using an intelligent handheld US device, GPs can perform CP screening and achieve a diagnostic capability comparable to that of specialist doctors.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of an intelligent handheld ultrasound (US) device for assisting non-expert general practitioners (GPs) in detecting carotid plaques (CPs) in community populations. Methods: This prospective parallel controlled trial recruited 111 consecutive community residents. All of them underwent examinations by non-expert GPs and specialist doctors using handheld US devices (setting A, setting B, and setting C). The results of setting C with specialist doctors were considered the gold standard. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and the features of CPs were measured and recorded. The diagnostic performance of GPs in distinguishing CPs was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Inter-observer agreement was compared using the intragroup correlation coefficient (ICC). Questionnaires were completed to evaluate clinical benefits. Results: Among the 111 community residents, 80, 96, and 112 CPs were detected in settings A, B, and C, respectively. Setting B exhibited better diagnostic performance than setting A for detecting CPs (area under the curve, 0.856 vs. 0.749; P<0.01). Setting B had better consistency with setting C than setting A in CIMT measurement and the assessment of CPs (ICC, 0.731 to 0.923). Moreover, measurements in setting B required less time than the other two settings (44.59 seconds vs. 108.87 seconds vs. 126.13 seconds, both P<0.01). Conclusion Using an intelligent handheld US device, GPs can perform CP screening and achieve a diagnostic capability comparable to that of specialist doctors.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of an intelligent handheld ultrasound (US) device for assisting non-expert general practitioners (GPs) in detecting carotid plaques (CPs) in community populations. Methods: This prospective parallel controlled trial recruited 111 consecutive community residents. All of them underwent examinations by non-expert GPs and specialist doctors using handheld US devices (setting A, setting B, and setting C). The results of setting C with specialist doctors were considered the gold standard. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and the features of CPs were measured and recorded. The diagnostic performance of GPs in distinguishing CPs was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Inter-observer agreement was compared using the intragroup correlation coefficient (ICC). Questionnaires were completed to evaluate clinical benefits. Results: Among the 111 community residents, 80, 96, and 112 CPs were detected in settings A, B, and C, respectively. Setting B exhibited better diagnostic performance than setting A for detecting CPs (area under the curve, 0.856 vs. 0.749; P<0.01). Setting B had better consistency with setting C than setting A in CIMT measurement and the assessment of CPs (ICC, 0.731 to 0.923). Moreover, measurements in setting B required less time than the other two settings (44.59 seconds vs. 108.87 seconds vs. 126.13 seconds, both P<0.01). Conclusion Using an intelligent handheld US device, GPs can perform CP screening and achieve a diagnostic capability comparable to that of specialist doctors.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of an intelligent handheld ultrasound (US) device for assisting non-expert general practitioners (GPs) in detecting carotid plaques (CPs) in community populations. Methods: This prospective parallel controlled trial recruited 111 consecutive community residents. All of them underwent examinations by non-expert GPs and specialist doctors using handheld US devices (setting A, setting B, and setting C). The results of setting C with specialist doctors were considered the gold standard. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and the features of CPs were measured and recorded. The diagnostic performance of GPs in distinguishing CPs was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Inter-observer agreement was compared using the intragroup correlation coefficient (ICC). Questionnaires were completed to evaluate clinical benefits. Results: Among the 111 community residents, 80, 96, and 112 CPs were detected in settings A, B, and C, respectively. Setting B exhibited better diagnostic performance than setting A for detecting CPs (area under the curve, 0.856 vs. 0.749; P<0.01). Setting B had better consistency with setting C than setting A in CIMT measurement and the assessment of CPs (ICC, 0.731 to 0.923). Moreover, measurements in setting B required less time than the other two settings (44.59 seconds vs. 108.87 seconds vs. 126.13 seconds, both P<0.01). Conclusion Using an intelligent handheld US device, GPs can perform CP screening and achieve a diagnostic capability comparable to that of specialist doctors.