BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although the size of the coronary artery is known to be closely related to the outcome of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention, its normal value and determinants have not been examined in Koreans. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty seven normal coronary arteriograms were carefully selected from 3,412 studied consecutively. Of these, 53 women and 23 men, with no abnormalities in their cardiac function and not using nitrates, were studied. The lumen diameter was measured at 10 segments in the epicardial coronary arteries. RESULTS: For men, the mean lumen diameter of the proximal left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries were 3.88+/-0.39 and 3.45+/-0.47 mm, respectively, and were not affected by the anatomic dominance. However, the left main and proximal right coronary arteries varied between 4.44+/-0.49 and 5.18+/-0.32 mm (p<0.05) and 3.29+/-0.60 and 4.05+/-0.42 mm (p<0.05), respectively, by the anatomic dominance. Women had a smaller mean coronary artery size than men [for diameter, -7% (p<0.01);for cross-sectional area, -13% (p<0.01)], and the left ventricular (LV) mass was significantly associated with coronary artery diameter (p<0.05). From a multiple linear regression analysis, gender was an only independent predictor of the coronary artery size (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We revealed normal coronary artery dimensions in Koreans. Although, body size, hypertension, use of calcium channel blockers, anatomic dominance and age had no effect on the size of the coronary artery, but the LV mass and gender were shown to have an effect. The multivariate regression analysis showed gender was an only independent predictor of the coronary artery size.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Size ; Calcium Channel Blockers ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Coronary Vessels* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Linear Models ; Male ; Nitrates ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Reference Values*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The recovery of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) appeared to be prognostic of survival in congestive heart failure (CHF). The aim of our study was to evaluate the parameters that appear to predict the LVEF recovery in CHF. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-nine patients, with CHF and a LVEF< 35%, were enrolled. Doppler myocardial imaging was performed on 5-basal and 5-mid segments in order to assess the systolic duration, the time from the R-wave to the peak systolic velocity (RS time) and the time from the R-wave to the peak early diastolic velocity (RE time). The standard deviation (SD) of the RS time was an indicator of the 'systolic synchronicity'. After at least 3 months of full medical therapy, a follow-up echocardiography was performed. According to the changes in the LVEF, the patients were divided into groups I (< 5%, n=29) and II (> or =5%, n=20). RESULTS: The baseline clinical and echocardiographic parameters were similar in both groups. In group II, the LV end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes were decreased, but the LVEF was increased by up to 44% at the follow-up. The right ventricular annulus velocity (group I: 6.7+/-2.1 vs. group II: 8.0+/-2.0 cm/sec, p< 0.05), the use of beta-blocker (69 vs. 100%, p< 0.05) and the SD of the RS time (46+/-21 vs. 21+/-12, p< 0.01) were significantly different between the two groups. However, the systolic duration and the SD of the RE time were similar in the two groups. From a multivariate analysis, only the SD of the RS time was an independent predictor of the LVEF recovery. CONCLUSION: Myocardial systolic synchronicity is an important predictor of the LVEF recovery.
Echocardiography ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Failure* ; Heart Ventricles* ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Recovery of Function* ; Stroke Volume

In this case, a 39 year-old man was admitted with Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with complete superior vena cava(SVC)obstruction causing general edema and hepatic failure. Conservative medical therapy was failed. And after the radiologist failed to invasive procedure of balloon dilatation, we attempted the inferior vena cava to right atrium bypass graft. Operation was done through median sternotomy and extended vertical oblique abdominal incision. A 24 mm Dacron tube was placed from the inferior vena cava just below the left renal vein to the right atrium without using the cardiopulmonary bypass pump. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful without signs of bleeding or anyother complications. We used anticoagulants at the postoperative first day. At the postoperative 26th day, we performed abdominal Doppler sonography and we confirmed that the graft patency was good. The patient was discharged with SVC obstructive symptoms but we noticed relief of SVC obstructive symptoms in the course of follow-up.
Adult ; Anticoagulants ; Budd-Chiari Syndrome* ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Dilatation ; Edema ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Atria ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Liver Failure ; Polyethylene Terephthalates ; Protein S Deficiency* ; Protein S* ; Renal Veins ; Sternotomy ; Superior Vena Cava Syndrome ; Transplants ; Vena Cava, Inferior ; Vena Cava, Superior

Ticlopidine is an antiplatelet agent used as a drug to prevent the recurrence of cerebral infarction or ischemic heart disease. Close attention has recently been paid to the superiority of this drug to aspirin in the prevention of stroke. Its mechanism of action differs from aspirin, dipyridamole, and sulfinpyrazone. Inhibition of the adenosine diphosphate induced pathway of platelet aggregation, along with the activation of adenylate cyclase and suppression of platelet-activating factor and thromboxane A2, are the postulated mechanisms of action of ticlopidine. Because ticlopidine causes neutropenia and agranulocytosis in roughly 1% of treated patients, usually within the first 3 months of treatment, this drug has been reserved for patients intolerant to aspirin therapy. We reported two cases of ticlopidine-induced neutropenia and one patient hospitalized with severe neutropenia and pneumonia.
Adenosine Diphosphate ; Adenylyl Cyclases ; Agranulocytosis ; Aspirin ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Cerebral Infarction ; Dipyridamole ; Humans ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Neutropenia* ; Platelet Aggregation ; Pneumonia ; Recurrence ; Stroke ; Sulfinpyrazone ; Thromboxane A2 ; Ticlopidine

Ticlopidine is an antiplatelet agent used as a drug to prevent the recurrence of cerebral infarction or ischemic heart disease. Close attention has recently been paid to the superiority of this drug to aspirin in the prevention of stroke. Its mechanism of action differs from aspirin, dipyridamole, and sulfinpyrazone. Inhibition of the adenosine diphosphate induced pathway of platelet aggregation, along with the activation of adenylate cyclase and suppression of platelet-activating factor and thromboxane A2, are the postulated mechanisms of action of ticlopidine. Because ticlopidine causes neutropenia and agranulocytosis in roughly 1% of treated patients, usually within the first 3 months of treatment, this drug has been reserved for patients intolerant to aspirin therapy. We reported two cases of ticlopidine-induced neutropenia and one patient hospitalized with severe neutropenia and pneumonia.
Adenosine Diphosphate ; Adenylyl Cyclases ; Agranulocytosis ; Aspirin ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Cerebral Infarction ; Dipyridamole ; Humans ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Neutropenia* ; Platelet Aggregation ; Pneumonia ; Recurrence ; Stroke ; Sulfinpyrazone ; Thromboxane A2 ; Ticlopidine

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a relatively safe and effective procedure in the treatment of coronary artery disease, but complications related to dilating catheters and guide wires such as coronary artery dissection, spasm, rupture, and perforation can be. Pericardial tamponade is a rare complication of cardiac catheterization, and prompt diagnosis and proper management are important in lifesaving. We report 4 patients who developed pericardial tamponade following PTCA, presumably from coronary artery or right ventricular perforation. All 4 patients received heparin during PTCA and temporary pacemaker was placed in the right ventricle. Pericardial tamponade was recognized in the catheterization laboratory in 1 patient, within 3 hours after leaving the laboratory in 3 patients. Emergent pericardiocentesis was performed in all patients. Three patients recovered and one patient died.
Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary* ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Cardiac Catheters ; Cardiac Tamponade* ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Vessels ; Diagnosis ; Heart Ventricles ; Heparin ; Humans ; Pericardiocentesis ; Rupture ; Spasm

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Homocysteine is a metabolite of methionine metabolism with atherogenic and thrombotic properties. Increased blood homocysteine has been recognized as a risk factor for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, but it is not much to be clarified in this country. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In a case-control study, we examine the relationship between the risk of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and serum total homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and other conventional risk factors. Thirty nine patients with significant stenosis of epicardial coronary artery and 20 healthy age-sex matched control subjects were included. Fasting venous blood was obtained and serum total homocysteine (tHCY) concentration was measured by high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescent detection method. RESULTS: Compared with control group, case group had higher tHCY concentrations (14.9+/-6.9 vs 10.8+/-4.2 mol/L, p<0.05) and lower folic acid concentration (6.7+/-3.6 vs 11.0+/-5.7 ng/mL,p<0.05). There were higher tHCY concentrations of patients with 2 vessel and 3 vessel disease than that of patients with 1 vessel disease (17.2+/-6.7 and 18.4+/-9.8 micro mol/L vs 12.4+/-3.9 micro mol/L,p<0.05). Vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 concentrations showed no significant difference between case group and control group. Compared with control group, there were more smokers (51.5% vs 25.0%, p<0.05), and patients with hypertension (39.4% vs 0%, p<0.001) and diabetes (30.3% vs 0%, p<0.001) in case group. Increased tHCY (tHCY over 14.7 mol/L) was an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (OR; 6.75, 95% CI; 1.15 - 40.99, p<0.05) together with smoking (OR; 5.4, 95% CI; 1.22 - 23.95, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These data support the hypothesis that elevated serum tHCY concentration is a risk factor for Korean patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, and low folate concentration may be responsible for elevated tHCY concentration.
Case-Control Studies ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Fasting ; Folic Acid ; Homocysteine* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Metabolism ; Methionine ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Vitamin B 12 ; Vitamin B 6

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although cardiac troponin I is widely used as a marker for myocardial infarction (MI), minor elevations of cardiac troponin I are also observed in other clinical situations. The prognostic factors for patients with these clinical features are not well established. The aim of this study was to discover the predictors of mortality for the patients who had minor troponin elevations without acute MI. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We enrolled consecutive 154 patients from the emergency department or inpatient units who had a peak troponin I level greater than the lower limit of detectability (0.04 ng/mL), and the level was also less than the suggestive value of MI (0.6 ng/mL). They were with chest pain or nonspecific symptoms of circulatory abnormality, but they lacked the traditional features of acute MI. The endpoint was defined as death from all causes. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to test the relationship between the clinical and biochemical variables and the outcomes. RESULTS: During the follow-up period of 7.9+/-7.3 months, mortality occurred in 15 patients. Age, the creatine kinase myocardial isoform (CK-MB) level and the C-reactive protein (CRP) level as continuous variables had significant correlations with the occurrence of death. After adjusting for any possible confounders in the multivariate model, these variables remained as independent predictors of mortality: age (HR 1.07, CI 1.02-1.14, p=0.012), CK-MB level (HR 1.61, CI 1.16-2.24, p=0.005), and CRP level (HR 1.01, CI 1.00-1.01, p=0.025). CONCLUSION: Integration of the CK-MB and CRP levels, as well as age, can be used for risk-stratification in the patients showing minor troponin I elevation for reasons other than acute MI.
C-Reactive Protein ; Chest Pain ; Creatine Kinase ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Mortality ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Troponin ; Troponin I*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Identification of coronary sites susceptible to progression or nonprogression might provide additional information to select medical or surgical treatment and furthermore for appropriate timing for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass graft. METHODS: We reviewed serial coronary arteriograms of 50 patients with coronary artery disease retrospectively. Patients were managed with standard treatment including anti-hypertensives, antiplatelets, lipid-lowering agents and other risk factor management by attending physician's decision. Patients who received percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft or thrombolysis were excluded. Cononary arteriographies were undertaken with average 33 months interval. Criteria for the progression and regression were the changes of the luminal diameter narrowing of the arterial segment by 20% or more reduction or increase, respectively. Results: Patients show progressive change, regressive change or no significant interval change in 50%, 12% and 30% of total 50 patients, respectively. Male gender, angiographic interval were the significant predictor of progressive change. In terms of coronary segment, stable segments are most frequent 52.2% (72/138) and progression in 40.2% (74/184), regression in 27.5% (38/138). Initial coronary lesions with low grade stenosis (less than 50%) have a tendency to progress than that of high grade stenosis (70% or more) Percentage diameter stenosis of new lesion are not related linearly with the interval between two sequential angiographies. CONCLUSION: Number of patients with progressive coronary arteriogram are more frequent than the patients with regressive change or no interval change. Progression and regression are frequent finding of serial coronary arteriography in usual clinical practice. Progression and regression are found frequently in the same patient at different coronary branches (16 patients). It suggested that the local factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease as well as systemic risk factors.
Angiography* ; Angioplasty ; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Phenobarbital ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Transplants

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have implicated inflammation in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are predictive of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) following stenting. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 193 patients (90 men, 152 unstable angina, mean age 63 years) between October 1999 and March 2001. The patients were classified into 2 groups according to their MACE, [group A; MACE (+), n=46 and group B; MACE (-), n=147]. RESULTS: During clinical follow-up at a mean duration of 15 months, there was 1death, 7 myocardial infarctions, 25 cases of revascularization therapy, and 13 recurrent anginas. At 24 hours after stenting, the CRP levels were significantly higher in group A compared to group B (5.4, 0.6-15.2 vs. 3.1, 0.1-9.8 mg/L, respectively, p<0.01), with the elevation of the CRP level ( >8.0 mg/L) occurring more commonly in group A than group B (24% vs. 9%, p<0.05). The differences in the CRP levels between the baseline and 24 hours following stenting (CRP 24h-base ) were also significantly higher in group A than in group B. After adjustment for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factor, multi-variate analysis using logistic regression revealed the CRP levels 24 hours after stenting were predictive of MACE, with an odd ratio of 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.2, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: CRP levels, 24 hours following intervention, are powerful predictor of cardiac events in patients with stable or unstable angina undergoing coronary stenting. These results suggest that the inflammatory responsiveness to coronary intervention can plays an important role in predicting cardiac events.
Angina, Unstable ; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; C-Reactive Protein* ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction ; Risk Factors ; Stents*