OBJECTIVE: To compare manganese contents in the hair between children with cerebral palsy and healthy children, and to find out the relations with it and each of clinical types, severity, topography, seizure status, parents status, and family status in children with cerebral palsy. METHOD: Manganese contents in hair were analysed for 62 children with cerebral palsy who were in a institution for severe disabled children and 22 healthy children. Hair was collected about 2 grams from occipital scalp of each subject. Atomic Absorption Electrophotometer was used for the analysis of manganese. RESULTS: The mean values of manganese in the hair differed significantly between children with cerebral palsy (0.3970 +/- 0.4899) and control (0.0920 +/- 0.0640) (p<0.05). Especially, athetoid group (0.5607 +/- 0.6520 ppm), diplegic group (0.7123 +/- 0.6841 ppm), orphan (0.4985 +/- 0.5646 ppm), and children without family (0.4670 +/- 0.5456 ppm) showed significantly higher manganese contents than control (p<0.05). But there were no significant differences of manganese contents between each distribution of clinical type, severity, topography, seizure status, parent status, and family status among children with cerebral palsy. CONCLUSION: Suggested reasons of high manganese content in athetoid and diplegic cerebral palsy, and patients without parents or family: 1) manganese are more collected in basal ganglia, 2) diplegic cerebral palsy, orphan, and children without family may have high chances to be exposed to high manganese materials (food, heavy metals, and dust) because of better upper extremity function and a kind of pica. The further evaluation study including the analysis of manganese contents in basal ganglia should be continued to prove our hypotheses.
Absorption ; Basal Ganglia ; Cerebral Palsy* ; Child* ; Child, Orphaned ; Disabled Children ; Hair* ; Humans ; Manganese* ; Metals, Heavy ; Parents ; Pica ; Scalp ; Seizures ; Upper Extremity

No abstract available.
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome* ; Pregnancy*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Adenoma detection rate (ADR) is widely used as an index of colonoscopy quality management. Although advanced adenomas can be found less frequently than non-advanced adenomas, advanced adenomas have a higher clinical significance during screening for colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between advanced and non-advanced ADR among colonoscopists. METHODS: This study is an observational study of a cohort of patients undergoing screening colonoscopy between 2009 and 2010. We collected the data on patients' characteristics and colonoscopic findings. The detection rates of adenoma and advanced adenoma were calculated. Logistic regression was used to determine the effects of variables on advanced adenoma detection, and spearman's rank-order correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between advanced ADR and ADR. RESULTS: A total of 561 patients underwent screening colonoscopy by 18 experienced colonoscopists. Most colonoscopists had adequate (>20%) ADRs. Logistic regression showed that increased patient age (OR 1.07 per 1 year increase, 95% CI 1.009-1.133, p=0.023) and male gender (OR 1.860, 95% CI 0.764-4.529, p=0.171) were associated with advanced ADR. When colonoscopists were divided into two groups on the basis of advanced ADR of 5%, ADR was also significantly higher in the group having higher level of advanced ADR. However, there was no correlation between advanced ADR and ADR among colonoscopists as an individual. CONCLUSIONS: Colonoscopists' advanced ADRs were independent of their ADRs, indicating that advanced ADR could be quite low even among colonoscopists with acceptable ADRs. Thus, there seems to be a limitation in using ADR as an adequate index of colonoscopy quality management.
Adenoma/*diagnosis ; Adult ; Aged ; Cohort Studies ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*diagnosis ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Odds Ratio