In patients with urinary tract infections, institution of specific therapy should be preceded by careful examination of the urine and quantitative bacteriology from properly collected urine specimens. A clinical study on patients with urinary tract infections was done for observation of the changing trend in causative organisms and their susceptibility to antibiotics at Yonsei Medical Center in 1971 and 1976. The following results were obtained. 1) In 1971, 571 patients (male:2l1, female :360) with urinary tract infections were observed and in 1976, 647 patients (male :265, female :382) were observed. The ratio of male to female was 1 : 1.4-1.7, the most cases (above 60%) belonged to age group 20-49 years in both year. 2) The causative organisms of urinary tract infections were E. coli, enterobacter, staphylococcus and etc in 1971 and E. coli, enterobacter, klebsiella and etc in 1976 orderly. Cases of urinary tract infections by enterobacter and staphylococcus were decreased and cases by klebsiella, proteus and pseudomonas were increased in 1976. Urinary tract infections by E, coli were about 60% of female patients and about 25% of male patients in both year. Incidence of mixed urinary tract infections was l0.5% in l971 and 15.1% in 1976. 3) The susceptibility rates of gram negative organisms were 30.3% to ampicillin, 72.2% to Kanamycin, 79.9% to neomycin and 51,5% to bactrim in l971 and 17.5% to ampicillin, 47.8% to Kanamycin, 68.7% to gentamycin and 71.8% to colimycin in 1976. The rates to chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline were about 20% in both year. 4) The susceptibility rates of gram positive organisms were 35.4% to chloramphenicol, 38.5% to orbenin, 81.0% to penicillin G and 11.8% to tetraycline in 1971 and 50.0% to chloramphenicol, 31.6% to orbenin, 64.5% to penicillin G and 22.4% to tetracycline in 1976. The rate to ampicillin in 1971 was 57.0% and to cephaloridin in 1976 was 78.9%. 5) The susceptibility rates of Pseudomonas were 79.5% to colimycin and 59.1% to neomycin in 1971 and 88.7% to colimycin, 56.3% to gentamycin and 59.2% to carbenicillin in 1976. The rates to streptomycin, tetracycline, bactrim and minocycline were low.
Ampicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteriology ; Carbenicillin ; Cephaloridine ; Chloramphenicol ; Colistin ; Enterobacter ; Female ; Gentamicins ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kanamycin ; Klebsiella ; Male ; Minocycline ; Neomycin ; Penicillin G ; Proteus ; Pseudomonas ; Staphylococcus ; Streptomycin ; Tetracycline ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

In patients with urinary tract infections, institution of specific therapy should be preceded by careful examination of the urine and quantitative bacteriology from properly collected urine specimens. A clinical study on patients with urinary tract infections was done for observation of the changing trend in causative organisms and their susceptibility to antibiotics at Yonsei Medical Center in 1971 and 1976. The following results were obtained. 1) In 1971, 571 patients (male:2l1, female :360) with urinary tract infections were observed and in 1976, 647 patients (male :265, female :382) were observed. The ratio of male to female was 1 : 1.4-1.7, the most cases (above 60%) belonged to age group 20-49 years in both year. 2) The causative organisms of urinary tract infections were E. coli, enterobacter, staphylococcus and etc in 1971 and E. coli, enterobacter, klebsiella and etc in 1976 orderly. Cases of urinary tract infections by enterobacter and staphylococcus were decreased and cases by klebsiella, proteus and pseudomonas were increased in 1976. Urinary tract infections by E, coli were about 60% of female patients and about 25% of male patients in both year. Incidence of mixed urinary tract infections was l0.5% in l971 and 15.1% in 1976. 3) The susceptibility rates of gram negative organisms were 30.3% to ampicillin, 72.2% to Kanamycin, 79.9% to neomycin and 51,5% to bactrim in l971 and 17.5% to ampicillin, 47.8% to Kanamycin, 68.7% to gentamycin and 71.8% to colimycin in 1976. The rates to chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline were about 20% in both year. 4) The susceptibility rates of gram positive organisms were 35.4% to chloramphenicol, 38.5% to orbenin, 81.0% to penicillin G and 11.8% to tetraycline in 1971 and 50.0% to chloramphenicol, 31.6% to orbenin, 64.5% to penicillin G and 22.4% to tetracycline in 1976. The rate to ampicillin in 1971 was 57.0% and to cephaloridin in 1976 was 78.9%. 5) The susceptibility rates of Pseudomonas were 79.5% to colimycin and 59.1% to neomycin in 1971 and 88.7% to colimycin, 56.3% to gentamycin and 59.2% to carbenicillin in 1976. The rates to streptomycin, tetracycline, bactrim and minocycline were low.
Ampicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteriology ; Carbenicillin ; Cephaloridine ; Chloramphenicol ; Colistin ; Enterobacter ; Female ; Gentamicins ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kanamycin ; Klebsiella ; Male ; Minocycline ; Neomycin ; Penicillin G ; Proteus ; Pseudomonas ; Staphylococcus ; Streptomycin ; Tetracycline ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

No abstract available.
Ureter*

Aged, 80 and over ; Community Health Services ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pilot Projects ; Terminal Care ; organization & administration

The Academy of Medicine (AMS) and the Ministry of Health (MOH) have developed the clinical practice guidelines on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based treatment for ADHD. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the MOH clinical practice guidelines on ADHD, for the information of SMJ readers. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website: http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/healthprofessionalsportal/doctors/guidelines/cpg_medical.html.The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; therapy ; Caregivers ; Child ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Humans ; Methylphenidate ; therapeutic use ; Parents ; Psychiatry ; methods ; standards ; Singapore ; Societies, Medical

Introduction: Evidence showed considerable variability of health risk factors within different socioeconomic groups. This study aimed to characterise dietary intakes by total household income among a sample of Malaysian pre-adolescents in urban Kuala Lumpur. Methods: Baseline data of 243 healthy, pre-adolescent children between 9 and 11 years old including socio-demographic background (gender, ethnicity, and total household monthly income), anthropometry (body weight and height), and 7-day diet histories were collected. Secondary analysis was performed on dietary intakes to quantify food groups based on the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines and NOVA classification systems besides nutrients. Differences and associations between total monthly household income categories with anthropometry and dietary intakes were tested using independent t-test/Mann-Whitney U (depending on normality) and chi-square tests, respectively. Results: Most children in this study population had dietary intakes below the recommended serving sizes for five food groups, except meat/poultry (195.2±107.2%) and fish (110.1±106.3%) and consumed about 32% of energy from ultra-processed foods (NOVA food group 4). While there was no difference in dietary intake between the bottom 40% with the middle 40% and high 20% household income groups, the percentage of energy contributed by NOVA food group 4 (processed fats/oils, condiments, and sauces) was higher in the bottom 40% households (p=0.024). Conclusion: Most pre-adolescent children in this study, regardless of household income, did not meet dietary recommendations and ate diets comprised of less nutritious foods. Comprehensive approaches that aim to improve dietary patterns and reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases are warranted.