It is well-known that the course of phototherapy, stool colour changes from yellow to green. The occurrence of frequent loose green stools, commencing a few hours after the beginning of treatment, has been observed in several different centers. In order to elucidate the machanism by which phototherapy induces loose stools in newborns, studies were perforned on the speed of intestinal transit by performing the carmine red ftest on 15fullterm newborns, 15jaundiced newborns before and after phototherapy and 15 healthy newborns exposed to phototherapy. The following results were obtained. 1) Intestinal transit time in 15 full term newborns was 12.75+_3.54 hours.(Fig. 1). 2) Intestinal transit time before phototherapy was 13.63+_3.21 hours in 15 jaundiced newborns and it was 7.32+_2.76 hours after phototherapy (Fig. 1). 3) Intestinal transit time in 15 healthy newborns was 13.74+_5.14 hours(Fig. 1). A statistically accelerated intestinal transit was observed in jaundiced newborns treated with phototherapy. The increased rate of intestinal transit produced by phototherapy is probably due to the action of the phototherapy.
Carmine ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Phototherapy*

The following results were obtained through the clinical review of 89 cases of tuberculous meningitis which were treated at the Department of Pediatrics of Seoul National University Hospital during the period of 3 years from June 1973 till May. 1976. 1. The highest incidence by age was noted as 80.9% under the age of 6years and 24.7% of cases were between the age of 1 and 2 years, Male to female ration was 1.2:1. 2. 35%of cases were noted in the spring 28%, in the summer, 19%, in the autumn and 18% in the winter. 3. The chief complaints on admission were in the order of vomiting, Fever, convulsion, drowsiness and headache. Meningeal irritation sign was noticed in 80.9% of cases . 4. Tuberculin test revealed positive reaction in 72.1%of cases. 5. Clinical stage on admission revealed 35cases of stage I. 1cases (2.9%)died and 30cases(85.7%)recovered. Stage II was 32cases and 6cases(18.8%)died and 14cases (43.8%) recovered. Stage III was 32cases and 7cases (31.8%) died and only 3cases (13.6%) recovered. Overall mortality was 15.7% 6. Family history of tuberculosis was found in 29 cases (32.5%) 7. Chest X-ray revealed tuberculous lesions in 59.5%of all cases and miliary tuberculosis were found,. In 20.2%of all cases. 8. Mean leukocyte count in the cerebrospinal fluid was 261/mm3 and 80.2% of all cases were in the range of 50~500/mm3, in 75.3% of all cases, differential count of lymphocyte was over 75%. Mean protein level in the cerebrospinal fluid was 170mg%and 91.5% of all cases were in the range of 50~300mg%. Sugar level in the cerebrospinal fluid was decreased below 40mg% in the 73.2% of all cases and the mean was 31.7%. Mean chloride level was 112.1mEq/l and 93.1% of all cases were below 120mEq/l. 9. Mortality rate was slightly lower in the group treated with triple therapy and corticosteroid than the group treated with only INH, PAS, and SM.
Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Child* ; Female ; Fever ; Headache ; Humans ; Incidence ; Leukocyte Count ; Lymphocytes ; Male ; Mortality ; Pediatrics ; Seizures ; Seoul ; Sleep Stages ; Thorax ; Tuberculin Test ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Meningeal* ; Tuberculosis, Miliary ; Vomiting

Generally, traumatic penile amputation is rare. Amputation of penis is likely to be self-inflicted most commonly. When penis is amputated, reimplantation requires microvascular surgery. Herein we present a case of successful reimplantation of completely amputated penis in 40 years old schizophrenia.
Adult ; Amputation ; Humans ; Male ; Penis ; Replantation ; Schizophrenia

Monorchism is a rare condition which incidence figures in the range of 3 to 5 percent of surgical exploration for undescended testis. Herein we present a case of monorchism associated with hypospadia and inguinal hernia in a 17-year-old boy with review of related literatures.
Adolescent ; Cryptorchidism ; Female ; Hernia, Inguinal* ; Humans ; Hypospadias* ; Incidence ; Male

Statistical analysis for mortality of in-patient in pediatric ward in Seoul National University Hospital was carried out during the 3 years from Jan. 1974 to Dec. 1976. Total number of admitted patients was 2,234, of whom 172 expired. The following results were observed. 1. Total number of admission during the 3 years was 2,234, and male to female ratio was 1.78:1. 2. Case mortality rate was 7.7% among the admitted cases. Sex difference in mortality rates was not recognized. 3. Monthly distribution of death cases revealed as high in May(11.6%), August(11.0%), September(11.0%) in order of frequency. 4. According to age, infants below one year of age comprised 38.4% of all expired patients. 5. On the duration from admission to death, 46.5% of expired cases of in-patients were died within the 48hours. 6. The leading causes of death proved to be infectious disease(48.8%), neoplasm, congenital anomaly, pulmonary disease in orders. 7. Causes of death by age were as follows; a) In the neonatal period, neonatal tetanus was the most frequent(47.4%) and sepsis(21.1%), neonatal hyperbilifubinemia(10.5%), congenital heart disease(7.9%) etc. b) In the age of one month to 1 year, congenital heart disease was the most frequent(28.6%), and sepsis(14.3%), tuberculous meningitis(10.7%), Reye Syndrome(10.7%) etc. c) In the age of 1 year to 2 years, tuberculous meningitis was the most frequent(36.0%) and pneumonia(8.0%), encephalitis(8.0%), hepatitis(8.0%) etc. d) In the age of 2 years to 6 years, leukemia was the most frequent(23.1%) and encephalitis(11.5%), congenital heart disease(7.7%) diphtheria(7.7%) etc. f) In the age of 12 years to 15 years, sepsis was the most frequent(15.0%) and leukemia(10.0%), renal failure(10.0%), aplastic anemia(10.0%), encephalitis(10.0%) etc. Though causes of death were different by age, causes of death in all age were mostly due to infectious diseases.
Cause of Death ; Communicable Diseases ; Female ; Heart ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Infant ; Leukemia ; Lung Diseases ; Male ; Mortality* ; Seoul ; Sepsis ; Sex Characteristics ; Tetanus ; Tuberculosis, Meningeal

No abstract available.
Meconium* ; Peritonitis*

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the streamlined liner of the pharynx airway (SLIPA), a new supraglottic airway device (SGA), with the laryngeal mask airway ProSeal(TM) (PLMA) during general anesthesia. METHODS: Sixty patients were randomly allocated to two groups; a PLMA group (n = 30) or a SLIPA group (n = 30). Ease of use, first insertion success rate, hemodynamic responses to insertion, ventilatory efficiency and positioning confirmed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy were assessed. Lung mechanics data were collected with side stream spirometry at 10 minutes after insertion. We also compared the incidence of blood stain, incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat and other complications. RESULTS: First attempt success rates were 93.3% and 73.3%, and mean insertion time was 7.3 sec and 10.5 sec in PLMA and SLIPA. There was a significant rise in all of hemodynamic response from the pre-insertion value at one minute following insertion of SLIPA. But, insertion of PLMA was no significant rise in hemodynamic response. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean maximum sealing pressure, gas leakage, lung mechanics data, gastric distension, postoperative sore throat and other complication between the two groups. Blood stain were noted on the surface of the device in 40% (n = 12) in the SLIPA vs. 6.7% (n = 2) in the PLMA. CONCLUSIONS: The SLIPA is a useful alternative to the PLMA and have comparable efficacy and complication rates. If we acquire the skill to use, SLIPA may be considered as primary SGA devices during surgery under general anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Blood Stains ; Bronchoscopy ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Laryngeal Masks ; Lung ; Mechanics ; Pharyngitis ; Pharynx ; Rivers ; Spirometry

BACKGROUND: Emergence agitation frequently occurs after desflurane anesthesia in children. We designed this study to find the optimal dose of fentanyl for the prevention of emergence agitation after desflurane anesthesia in children for tonsillectomy. METHODS: Eighty-one patients (3-10 yr) receiving desflurane anesthesia for tonsillectomy was randomly allocated to one of 3 groups. Fentanyl 1 microg/kg (group 1, n = 26), 2 microg/kg (group 2, n = 27), 3 microg/kg (group 3, n = 28) was administered intravenously just before inducing anesthesia. Anesthesia was maintained with desflurane. The recovery characteristics, such as the time to first movement, extubation and discharge from the recovery room were assessed. And patients reported their frequency of emergence agitation and severity of postoperative pain at recovery room. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the three groups regarding the time to extubation and discharge from the recovery room. The incidence of emergence agitation was 42% in group 1, 25% in group 2, 10% in group 3 and that was significantly lower in group 3 than in group 1 (P < 0.05). The incidence of severe pain was lower in group 3 than in group 1 and group 2 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In children undergoing tonsillectomy with desflurane anesthesia, 2 microg/kg and 3 microg/kg of fentanyl given just before induction had a reduced incidence of emergence agitation without a delay in recovery.
Anesthesia ; Child ; Dihydroergotamine ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Incidence ; Isoflurane ; Pain, Postoperative ; Recovery Room ; Tonsillectomy

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of powered toothbrush with a wireless remote display on the subjective and objective oral hygiene improvement. METHODS: One hundred and fifteen subjects in healthy or mild gingivitis status between the ages of 20 and 90 were recruited and reviewed for study inclusion criteria. At first visit, 115 pre-screened subjects filled in the questionnaire form which consisted of demographic factors, behavioral factors (smoking, alcohol consumption), toothbrushing habits (brushing time and frequency), self-reported oral health status, and self-satisfaction. Baseline clinical indices (Plaque index, Gingival index) were also recorded by a periodontist. Subjects were instructed how to use powered toothbrush with a wireless remote display, and were provided with it. Thirty days after first visit, 90 subjects returned for the second assessment by self-reported questionnaire form and professional clinical checkup. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test for the difference between baseline and second visit data. The relationship among variables was examined with chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Significant differences were not found on self-reported satisfaction related with sex, smoking, alcohol consumption (P<0.05). Self-reported tooth brushing habit was improved in the aspect of brushing time and frequency. Significant differences were found on the self-reported oral health status, self-satisfaction, and clinical indices between the baseline and second visit data (P<0.01). Clinical indices were significantly reduced after using powered toothbrush with a wireless remote display (P<0.01). No adverse reactions were reported during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Powered toothbrush with a wireless remote display successfully promoted oral hygiene from the subjective and objective viewpoint after 30 days of home usage.
Alcohol Drinking ; Demography ; Gingivitis ; Oral Health ; Oral Hygiene ; Periodontal Index ; Personal Satisfaction ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tooth ; Toothbrushing

BACKGROUND: Activation of glial cells (microglia and astroglia) has been observed in rat neuropathic pain models and they are known to play a role in inducing allodynia in these animals. Minocycline (MC), a tetracycline derivative antibiotics, displays selective inhibition of microglial activation. The author investigated antinociceptive effect of intrathecal administration of MC on muscular pain model induced by repetitive intramuscular injection of low pH saline. METHODS: pH 5 saline was injected into gastrocnemius muscle of rat. Second injection of pH 5 saline was done 3 days after first injection. To study preventive effect of MC, normal saline or MC 50microgram or 100microgram was administered intrathecally 15 min before each low pH saline injection. To evaluate the therapeutic effect, normal saline or MC 500microgram was administered intrathecally after pain model made. To quantify the mechanical allodynia, withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli was measured using von Frey filament. RESULTS: Preventive administration of MC 50microgram did not attenuate the mechanical allodynia, on the contrary MC 100microgram administration showed pain attenuation. Therapeutic administration of MC 500microgram did not show analgesic effect. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive intrathecal administration of MC 100microgram attenuated mechanical allodynia, but not in preventive MC 50microgram and therapeutic administration.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Hyperalgesia* ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Microglia ; Minocycline* ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Neuralgia ; Neuroglia ; Rats* ; Tetracycline