In Tansan and Wondang m 1960, and m Guidandong and Yongju-eup in 1961, routine entomological work was carried out according to the plan of operation for the ma1aria pre-eradication survey. During the present work, six anopheline mosquito species were recorded as follows: 1. Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis Wiedmann, 1828. 2. Anopheles (Anopheles) sineroides Yamada, 1925. 3. Anopheles (Anopheles) lesteri Baisas and Hu, 1936. 4. Anopheles (Anopheles) koreicus koreicus Yamada and Watanabe, 1918. 5. Anopheles (Anopheles) koreicus edwardsi Yamada, 1925, and, 6. Anopheles (Anopheles) lindesayijaponicus, Yamada, 1918. A. sinensis is the most predominant species, although A. koreicus koreicus was also found to be predominant after A. sinensis in Guidandong (a mountainous area) A. sineroides is the next most predominant species after A. sinensis. Anopheline mosquitos begin to appear from late April or May and disappear in October each year. The resting places for the anopheline mosquitos are mainly cow sheds and outdoors. The population density of A. sinensis in cow sheds shows a peak either in June or in July in most places with a second small peak in late August or in September. Night biting habits appear to be active throughout the whole night but are more active from sunset to midnight. Most of the anophelines caught appeared to be zoophilic; however, the results of precipitin tests for A. sinensis showed a likelihood that these are facul-tative anthropophilic. Dissection of salivary glands in the present study of 2736 female A. sinensis mosquitos failed to show or to prove the presence of sporozoites, although sinensis is suspected as a potential of malaria. The body weight, moisture and fat content in A. sinensis appeared to decrease in July from a high peak in June and then to increase again m September. Insecticide susceptibility tests proved that the species was susceptible to DDT and Dieldrin in Guidandong and Yoju. The bionomics of A. sineroides, A. koreicus koreicus, A. koreicus edwardsi, A. lesteri and A. Iindesayi ja-ponicus was discussed; the latter two species are probably the first to be recorded in Korea. The mosquitos caught in hibernating places were found to be nulliparous and to have sperms in the spermathecae during the winter months. Anopheline hibernated probably in the adult stage.
Adult ; Anopheles* ; Body Weight ; Culicidae* ; DDT ; Dieldrin ; Ecology ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Malaria ; Population Density ; Precipitin Tests ; Salivary Glands ; Spermatozoa ; Sporozoites

No abstract available.
Heart Valves* ; Heart* ; Return to Work*

Blood surveys on narcotic addicts in the asylums in Korea were carried out from 1959 to 1962, of 3,991 smears collected from addicts, 13 were found to be positive for P. vivax, 23 positive for P. falciparum and 1 positive for P. malarace. All positive cases for malaria parasites were found in the Seoul Narcotic Asylum. The possibility of transmission of malaria parasites through either mosquitos or artificial ways is discussed. The transmission of P. falciparum and P. malariae malaria among addicts would occur probably by the indiscriminate use of congealed syringes and needles and not by the infected anopheline mosquitos. The decreasing in number of positive cases infected with malaria parasites among addicts appeared to be due to the effectiveness of drug administration. In addition, the blood survey on the applicants for the blood donor service in Seoul was carried out monthly from August 1961 to December 1962 and one positive smear in P. vivax out of 7.091 was found.
Adult ; Human ; Korea ; Malaria/*etiology ; Middle Aged ; Substance-Related Disorders/*complications ; *Syringes

The very rare D--/D-- phenotype lacks C, c, E, e antigens with strong expression of the D antigen. A 31-year-old woman delivered her second baby, 3.6 kg girl at 38+4 weeks' gestation through repeat-Cesarean section. Her parents were not consanguineous. She had one artificial abortion, one Cesarean section with red blood cell transfusion and two spontaneous abortions. Her red cells were typed as O, D+C-c-E-e- and did not react with anti-Hr(o) (Rh 17). Her serum reacted with all of the screening cells and identification panel cells with strength of (++)~(+++). The baby was mildly jaundiced 12 hours after delivery. At 1 day after delivery, total bilirubin was 17.7 mg/dL, and direct and indirect antiglobulin tests were both positive. Phototherapy was immediately given for the baby but jaundice and anemia were worsened. Twenty six milliliter of the mother's whole blood was given twice to the baby after plasma depletion and leukocyte reduction. The baby showed improvement of jaundice and anemia, and discharged at hospital day 14. As far as we know, this is the third reported case of hemolytic disease of the newborn occurred in the D--/D-- mother with anti-Hr(o) in Korea, and the first case that was neither fatal nor treated with intensive medical care.
Abortion, Spontaneous ; Adult ; Anemia ; Bilirubin ; Cesarean Section ; Coombs Test ; Erythrocyte Transfusion ; Female ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Jaundice ; Korea ; Leukocytes ; Mass Screening ; Mothers ; Parents ; Phenotype* ; Phototherapy ; Plasma ; Pregnancy

H.S.G. has been proven to be an important diagnsotic method in clinical gyencology for under 50 yrs. It isvaluable in the investigation of the uterine and tubal factors of female infertility. Hysterosalpingograms of 81 patients with infertility were analysed and following brief results were obtained. 1. Ratio between primary andsecondary infertility was 3:5, 2ndary infertility was more frequent. 2. Age distribution was more frequnet under 30 years of age than over 30 years of age. 3. Abnormal uterine finding was only seen in 18 cases, abnormal tubalfinding was only seen in 25 cases and combined uterine and abnormalities were seen in 14 cases. 4. Abnormaluterine findings were malposition (12 cases), filling defect (5), spastic uterus(5), irregular contour (3),arcuate uterus(3), dideplphia(1), in order of frequency. 5. Abnormal tubal findings were hydrosalpinx (21 cases), occlusion(19), intravasation (6), beaded appearance(3), & diverticula(2) , in order of frequency. 6. Negativefinding in both uterus and tube was seen in 23 cases. 7. In 2 cases, pregnancy after the H.S.G. examination wasconfirmed.
Age Distribution ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Female ; Methods ; Muscle Spasticity ; Pregnancy ; Uterus

BACKGROUND: Generally, laypeople perceive blood transfusion risk differently from experts like physicians. Acknowledging such differences may improve risk communication. This study characterized how blood transfusion experts in Korea perceive the blood transfusion risks compared to laypeople in a past study. METHODS: A one-month e-mail survey targeting blood transfusion experts was conducted in October 2007. The questionnaire was designed to assess the demographics of the respondents, their response to the term 'blood transfusion', and the perceived risks of a transfusion. In all, 103 interviews were completed. RESULTS: The words evoked by the term 'blood transfusion' included blood, blood donation, life, surgery, and risk. About 24.2~31.1% of the respondents gave a moderate or high rating for the perceived risk of blood transfusion. About 72.8% of experts agreed that the blood supplied in Korea is safe, while 55.6% of laypeople agreed to the same question. If they needed a transfusion, about 85.4% of the respondents replied that they would accept the blood transfusion, and experts were more willing to receive a blood transfusion than laypeople. The relative perceived blood transfusion risk was 4.4+/-2.8 (out of 10), which was similar to the result with laypeople. CONCLUSION: Experts, as compared to laypeople, think that the blood supplied in Korea is safer and had higher acceptance rates of transfusion. Awareness of such differences may be helpful when sharing medical decisions between medical staff and their patients at blood transfusion scenes.
Blood Donors ; Blood Transfusion ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Demography ; Electronic Mail ; Humans ; Korea ; Medical Staff

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory cytokines play an important role in human immune responses to malaria, although the role of these mediators in pathogenesis is unclear. In this study, we evaluated changes in cytokine levels following chemotherapy, and determined whether cytokine levels in serum correlated with the hematological parameters in the Korean vivax malarial patients. METHODS: The study population was composed of 31 patients in Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital who were diagnosed with Plasmodium vivax infection. Cytokine profiles, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 levels, were assessed in serum samples obtained from the malaria patients three times, at the time of diagnosis (stage I) and after treatment with hydroxychloroquine (stage II) and primaquine (stage III). The level of each cytokine was measured using commercially available serum-based ELISA kits. Hematological parameters were simultaneously measured using a hematology autoanalyzer. RESULTS: At thetime of diagnosis, the TNF-alpha (mean, 62.9 pg/mL), IL-6 (mean, 45.5 pg/mL), and IL-10 (mean, 237.7 pg/mL) levels in the malaria patients were higher than the reference values. After treatment with hydroxychloroquine, these levels (TNF-alpha, P<0.01; IL-6, P<0.05; IL-10, P<0.01) significantly decreased to near-normal levels. Significant positive correlations were observed among the cytokine levels, but not between the cytokine levels and other hematological parameters. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10 levels increased at the time of diagnosis and rapidly decreased to normal levels after treatment the levels of these cytokines did not correlate with other hematological parameters.
Cytokines ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hematology ; Humans ; Hydroxychloroquine ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukins ; Malaria ; Malaria, Vivax ; Plasmodium vivax ; Primaquine ; Reference Values ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

BACKGROUND: The blood processing works are composed of phlebotomy, donor testing, manufacturing, storage, transportation, and quality control. Among these, storage, transportation and quality control are done partially at the blood collection centers and finally accomplished at the hospital blood banks. We tried to analyze blood processing costs in hospital blood banks. METHODS: Blood processing costs are divided into physician works, practice expenses, and professional liability insurance according to RBRVS (Resource-Based Relative Value Scale). Physician works were analyzed according to the study of the 'Physician work RBRVS committee of the Korean society for laboratory medicine'. For the practice expenses, three university hospital blood banks data were analyzed. The costs for the blood supply of small clinics or hospitals without blood banks were investigated by questionnaire. RESULTS: Comprehensive works of physician were such as laboratory administration, quality control, preparation of procedure manual, education, quality improvement control. Specific works of physician were such as supervision over technologists, analysis of quality control data, management of blood inventory, storage and issue, blood utilization review, management of adverse transfusion reaction, blood return and disposal. As for one unit of blood, the standard labor time of technologists was 28.8 minutes (which is equivalent of 7,680 won) and the mean equipment cost was 592 won. The mean cost of small clinics or hospitals for blood supply was 12,150 won. CONCLUSION: The reimbursement of blood processing cost for the hospital blood bank would contribute to stable blood bank administration, stable blood supply and safe transfusion.
Blood Banks* ; Blood Group Incompatibility ; Education ; Humans ; Insurance ; Liability, Legal ; Organization and Administration ; Phlebotomy ; Quality Control ; Quality Improvement ; Tissue Donors ; Transportation ; Utilization Review ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Filter paper blood samples are convenient for sampling, storage and transport, and widely used for diagnostic and epidemiological studies of Plasmodium species. Our study was aimed to establish antibody and DNA tests using filter paper and to evaluate the usefulness of filterpaper blood sample and storage duration at room temperature. METHODS: 50 L whole blood of 45 Plamsmodium vivax infected patients were spotted on filter paper, dried, and kept in a drawer at room temperature. The paired, whole blood samples were stored at -70degrees C freezer temperature. The filter paper samples were used for PCR at 12 and 24 months. The standard filter paper samples (5, 000, 500, 100, 50, 5, 1 parasite/microL) were made from 3 patients and used for polymerase chain reaction every 3 months until 2 years, antibody test filter paper samples were used every month for 8 months. As standard, -70 degrees C whole blood samples were used. RESULTS: P. vivax DNA was detected in all (45/45) of the filter paper samples by PCR during 24months of storage. Detection limit of PCR was 1 P. vivax/microL using standard filter paper samples for12 months of storage, and 5 P. vivax/microL samples after that. The P. vivax antibody was detected perfectly(43/43) from filter paper samples during 5 months of storage. After that, the antibody detectionrates were, respectively, 81.4% (35/43), 60.5% (26/43), 51.2% (22/43) at six, seven and eight months. CONCLUSIONS: Filter paper blood samples stored at room temperature remained stable for PCR and antibody studies for 1 year and 5 months, respectively.
DNA* ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Limit of Detection ; Plasmodium ; Plasmodium vivax* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

In off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), multiple proximal anastomosis may increase the risk of cerebral embolism (air, debris) and aortic injury (dissection, pseudoaneurysm). Radial artery (RA) has no intraluminal valve such as saphenous vein. We applied Cabrol technique using aortic root replacement for proximal anastomosis in off-pump CABG. Cabrol technique using RA graft can reduce numbers of proximal anastomosis and reduce number of aortic manipulation in off-pump CABG. We report a Cabrol technique for proximal anastomosis in off-pump CABG with RA graft.
Coronary Artery Bypass ; Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump* ; Intracranial Embolism ; Radial Artery* ; Saphenous Vein ; Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive ; Transplants*