No abstract available.
Anesthesia* ; Animals ; Guinea Pigs* ; Guinea*

No abstract available.
Amino Acids* ; Dentin* ; Tooth*

The causes of hypocalcemia in patients suffering from severe infection including sepsis are largely uncertain. So we measured serum albumin, total protein, cholesterol, PTH, and calcitonin of the infection-associated hypocalcemic children and compared with those of normocalcemic children suffering from tsutsugamushi disease. All had normal renal functions and had been admitted to the department of pediatrics of Gyeongsang National University Hospital. Hypocalcemic patients were hypoalbuminemic. Serum total calcium was inappropriately more decreased compared to the decreased amount of serum albumin in the hypocalcemic group. We also observed more frequent incidence of hypocholesterolemia (<100mg/dL) in this group. And serum PTH was appropriately elevated in the hypocalcemic patients. Serum calcitonin was elevated in both groups, but 6 times higher in the hypocalcemic group than in the normocalcemic one. Serum total calcium was positively correlated with serum albumin and negatively correlated with serum PTH and calcitonin.
Calcitonin ; Calcium ; Child ; Cholesterol ; Humans ; Hypoalbuminemia ; Hypocalcemia* ; Incidence ; Pediatrics ; Scrub Typhus ; Sepsis ; Serum Albumin

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of neuropathic pain is estimated to occur in about 30-50% of all diabetic patients. Clinical symptoms vary depending on the nerves affected, and may include both positive and negative symptoms. Many patients with DPN experience pain or discomfort, anxiety, depression, and limitations in activity, which can significantly impact their physical, emotional, and social well-being. Early diagnosis is essential for the successful management of DPN. Routine management consists of glucose and risk factor control, and symptomatic relief, along with therapies designed to target the underlying disease pathology. Pharmacological treatment of DPN includes tricyclic compounds, serotonin noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors, the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid, anticonvulsants, opiates, membrane stabilizers, topical capsaicin, and other drugs. Management of DPN must be tailored to each individual, and depends on a variety of factors, including disease severity and response to treatment.
Anticonvulsants ; Anxiety ; Capsaicin ; Depression ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; Early Diagnosis ; Glucose ; Humans ; Membranes ; Neuralgia ; Pathology ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases* ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Serotonin ; Thioctic Acid

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is an integral component of diabetes prevention, management, and self-management education, however, the basic principles of nutritional management are often poorly understood by both clinicians and their patients. Individuals with pre-diabetes or diabetes should receive individualized MNT as needed to achieve treatment goals, preferably provided by a registered dietitian familiar with the components of diabetes MNT. The goals for MNT are outlined in this review for short-term (four to six weeks) and long-term outcomes pertaining to glycemic control, lipid management, blood pressure regulation, weight maintenance, and exercise recommendations. The role of nutrition and the development of a medical nutrition therapy plan such as caloric intake in proportion to amounts of dietary carbohydrate, the use of the glycemic index and glycemic load in dietary management, recommendations for dietary macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, fiber, sodium, and alcohol consumption for a patient with type 2 diabetes are discussed here. My intention is that this paper will provide a comprehensive overview of current clinical recommendations concerning medical nutrition therapy in type 2 diabetes.
Alcohol Drinking ; Blood Pressure ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diet ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Energy Intake ; Glycemic Index ; Humans ; Intention ; Minerals ; Nutrition Therapy ; Self Care ; Sodium ; Vitamins

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) is a serious and common complication of diabetes, although it is often overlooked. Abnormal autonomic function tests are often found in peoples with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathies affect the autonomic neurons (parasympathetic, sympathetic, or both) and are associated with a variety of site-specific symptoms. The symptoms and signs of DAN should be elicited carefully during the medical history and physical examination. Major clinical manifestations of DAN include hypoglycemia unawareness, resting tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis, constipation, diarrhea, fecal incontinence, erectile dysfunction, neurogenic bladder, and sudomotor dysfunction with either increased or decreased sweating. When a patient has signs and symptoms of DAN, various autonomic function tests should be performed. Recognition and management of DAN may improve symptoms, reduce sequelae, and improve quality of life. Clinically relevant diabetic autonomic neuropathies such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and sudomotor dysfunction should be considered in the optimal care of patients with diabetes. The present review summarizes the latest knowledge regarding clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of DAN.
Constipation ; Diabetic Neuropathies* ; Diagnosis* ; Diarrhea ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Fecal Incontinence ; Gastroparesis ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Hypotension, Orthostatic ; Male ; Neurons ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Physical Examination ; Quality of Life ; Sweat ; Sweating ; Tachycardia ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic

No abstract available.
Base Sequence* ; Bone Marrow Transplantation* ; Bone Marrow* ; Chimerism* ; DNA* ; Genome, Human* ; Graft vs Host Disease* ; Humans ; Humans* ; Leukemia* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Recurrence* ; Tandem Repeat Sequences* ; Transplants*

No abstract available.
Obesity ; Testosterone

Obesity is defined as an excess accumulation of body fat. Measuring body fat accurately is difficult, and no method is easily available for routine clinical use. Common methods of exploring the levels of adiposity include body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, skinfolds, bioelectrical impedance analysis, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), computerized tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Traditionally, overweight or obese status has been evaluated by anthropometric measurement of weight-for-height. More recently, BMI has been used. The normal range is 19-24.9 kg/m², overweight is 25-29.9 kg/m², and obese is ≥30 kg/m². However, the appropriateness of this definition among Asian individuals has been questioned. Asian individuals generally have a higher percentage of body fat than do Western individuals at the same BMI levels. Consequently, for the Korean population, overweight status is defined based on an increase in morbidity and obesity based on an increase in mortality; overweight is defined as a BMI of 23-24.9 kg/m² and obese as a BMI ≥25 kg/m². Simple anthropometric measurements can be used, such as waist circumference. A waist circumference greater than 102 cm in men and 88 cm in women is a risk factor for insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, the waist circumference (WC) cutoff for Asians was suggested as 90 cm for men and 80 cm for women, respectively, which was different from that of other ethnic groups, such as Europeans. For Koreans, abdominal obesity is defined as a WC ≥90 cm for men and ≥85 cm for women.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Adipose Tissue ; Adiposity ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Electric Impedance ; Ethnic Groups ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Methods ; Mortality ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Overweight ; Reference Values ; Risk Factors ; Waist Circumference ; World Health Organization

Obesity increases the risk of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, ultimately contributing to mortality. The Korean Society for the Study of Obesity (KSSO) was established to improve the management of obesity through research and education; to that end, the Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines of the KSSO reviews systemic evidence using expert panels to develop clinical guidelines. Weight-loss medications are effective adjuncts to diet, physical activity, and behavioral counseling for select Korean patients with type 2 diabetes and body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2. Potential benefits must be weighed against the potential risks of these medications. If a patient's response to weight-loss medications is < 5% weight loss after 3 months or if there are significant safety or tolerability issues at any time, the medication should be discontinued and alternative medications or treatment approaches should be considered. Long-term medications for enduring obesity have traditionally fallen into two major categories, centrally-acting anorexiant medications and peripherally acting medications, such as orlistat. In this paper, I provide the definition of obesity in Korea and describe anti-obesity medications currently available for long-term treatment in diabetes.