The authors studied the early morphologic changes of peripheral nerve, which is known as relatively radioresistant tissue to the X-ray irradiation, but recently clamied by several clinician through development of neuropathies after radiotherapy of the malignacy. Rabbits were received 1,000 or 2,000 cGy of X-ray on the knee joint areas. Sciatic nerves were extracted out 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 24 hours, and 3 and 7 days after irradiation. The morphologic changes were observed by light and electron microscopes. The results were summarized as follows: Light microscopically, only mild edema is noted. Electron microscopically, irregular separation and folding of myelin sheath with spherical body formation are noted. Above features were more prominent at later stages and aggregated nests of fragmented myelin were scattered 16 hours after irradiation. Schwann cell necrosis is noted after 24 hours. But above degenerative changes were scarcely present 7 days after irradiation. There is no remarkable axonal changes. The interstitial tissue revealed swelling and irregularity of surface of endothelial cells, and edema. On the basis of the results, it may be concluded that the peripheral nerve is injured by irradiation in early stages, and the main target of irradiation injury is thought to be myelin sheath and Schwann cells, which would be reversible and could be recovered promptly.
Rabbits ; Animals

No abstract available.
Cardioplegic Solutions* ; Glucose* ; Mannitol* ; Myocardium*

No abstract available.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass* ; Endarterectomy* ; Pulmonary Embolism*

Skull metastasis of hepatocelluar carcinoma are rarely reported, even in the Orient and the Africa where this carcinoma is one of the relatively common malignancies. One case with the skull metastasis of the hepatocelluar carcinoma, which no literature was found about the distant metastasis to the skull bone only in Korea, is reported with the histochemical stain and the relevant literatures are reviewed.
Africa ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Korea ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Skull*

Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome(MCNS) reflects a disorder of T-lymphocytes. These T-cells are thought to release a vascular permeability factor (UPF) that injures the glomerular epithelial cells (GECs). Glomerular epithelial cellular damage may lead to proteinuria in MCNS by decreasing the synthesis of polyanions such as heparan sulfate proteoglycan(HSPG) : these polyanions constitute most of the normal charge barrier to glomerular filtration of macromolecules such as albumin. This study evaluates the direct effect of supernatant of culture media of peripheral blood mono- nuclear cells(PBMC) which was isolated from children with MCNS to GBM HSPG mRNA expression in rats GEC. GEC were cultured until confluent. Supernatant of culture media of PBMC from each group of 3 chilren with MCNS, IgA nephropathy or normal healthy were added. Total RNA was extracted at 12, 24 and 72hrs after adding supernatant. RT-PCR using Rat Perlecan Domain-I(RPD- I) specific primers and beta-actin as internal controls was done. Densities and areas of GRM HSPG corresponding bands to beta-actin bands were measured. At 24 hrs, supernatant of culture media of PBMC from 3 children with MCNS caused 62, 70, and 75Vo reductions, respectvely, in GEC's GBM HSPG mRNA expression compared to normal children. However, supernatant of culture media of PRMC from 3 children with IgA nephropathy did not. In addition, reductions of GEC's GBM HSK' mRNA expressions caused by supernatant of culture media of PBMC from 3 children with MCNS were restored upto levels of normal children at 72hrs after adding supernatant. Mutant cDNA was synthesized as primers for competitive PCR to quantify GBM HSPG mRNA expression. Mutant template was 212 base pairs shorter than RPD-I, 497 base pairs. In conclusion, we found that supernatant of culture media of PBMC from children with MCNS reversibly suppressed GBM HSPG mRNA expression in rats GEC. This study suggests cytokines of PBMC from children with MCNS directly injures GEC and leads to decrease in synthesis of GBM HSPG by GEC in the pathogenesis of MCNS.
Actins ; Animals ; Base Pairing ; Child* ; Culture Media ; Cytokines ; DNA, Complementary ; Epithelial Cells* ; Filtration ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans ; Heparitin Sulfate* ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Proteinuria ; Rats* ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger* ; T-Lymphocytes ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

The mucociliary system has primary defence mechanism in the respiratory tract. The effects of various drugs used clinically in the treatment of disease of the nasal cavity have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of alpha1 receptor agonist, phenylephrine hydrochloride on ciliary beat frequency in vitro using a video computerized analysis technique. The ciliated epithelial cells from the nasal mucosa in four volunteers were collected in a culture medium and exposed to 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride solution according to 0.5 hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, and 6 days. There was a significant decrease in ciliary beat frequency with exposure to 0.125% phenylephrine hydrochloride solution for 12 hours, and 0.25% phenylephrine hydrochloride solution for 8 hours(p<0.05). There were cilioinhibitory effects with concentration dependent response by phenylephrine hydrochloride solution. After substitution of the culture medium with phenylephrine hydrochloride free one showed no ciliary recovery in all groups. The results of this study suggest that phenylephrine hydrochloride may have phamacologically a cilioinhibitory effect in vitro on ciliated epithelium.
Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasal Mucosa ; Phenylephrine* ; Respiratory Mucosa* ; Respiratory System ; Volunteers

In order to study the range of flight and feeding activity of Anopheles sinensis, the dispersal experiment was conducted in Paju city, located in the northern part of Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, during the period of 7th to 28th September 1998. Unfed females An. sinensis were collected in cowshed and released after being marked with fluorescent dye at 23:00 hours on the same day. Released female mosquitoes were recaptured everyday during 21 days using light traps, which were set at 10 sites in the cowsheds located 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 km north-northwest and north-northeast and at 3 sites located 1, 6 and 9 km toward south-west from the release point. In addition, to study the longest flight distance in one night, we set the light traps at 16 and 20 km toward north-northeast from the release site. All the collected mosquitoes were placed on filter papers and observed on UV transilluminator after treatment with one drop of 100% ethanol. Out of 12,773 females of An. sinensis released, 194 marked females mosquitoes were recaptured, giving 1.52% recapture rate. Of 194, 72 mosquitoes (37.1%) were recaptured in light traps from three places set at 1 km from the release point, 57 mosquitoes (29.4%) from two places at 1-3 km, 41 mosquitoes (21.1%) from three places at 3-6 km, 20 mosquitoes (10.3%) from three places at 6-9 km, and 4 mosquitoes (2.1%) from two places at 9-12 km. Since 170 female mosquitoes (87.6%) out of 194 marked mosquitoes were captured within 6 km from the release point, this flight radius represents the main activity area. An sinensis was found to be able to fly at least 12 km during one night.
Animals ; Anopheles/*physiology ; Entomology/methods ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Korea ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Time Factors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and limitation of intra-arterial urokinase (IAUK) infusion for treatment of acute cerebral stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven acute cerebral stroke patients treated with IAUK infusion within six hours of stroke onset were reviewed. All patients showed normal initial brain findings on CT.In 21 patients, urokinase(5-15 X 105IU) was administered through a microcatheter placed into or proximal to occluded segment. Mechanical disruption of thrombus by guidewire was performed in 17 patients. Angiographic and clinical responses and complications after IAUK infusion, were evaluated and the results were compared with thoseof intravenous heparin(N=19) and urokinase infusion(n=19). RESULTS: Complete or partial angiographic recanalization of occluded segment was found in 18 patients(67%), and neurologic improvement was followed in 14patients(52%). The degree of improvement on the stroke scale score after IAUK infusion was statistically more significant(p<0.05) than that shown after intravenous heparin and urokinase infusion. Complications after IAUK infusion were large(15%) and small amount intracerebral hemorrhage(15%), contrast leakage into brain parenchyma(11%), and gastrointestinal bleeding(4%). Between the IAVK and the intravenous urokinase infusion group, differences in extent and types of complications were statistically insignificant, but were significantly higherin those two groups than in the intravenous heparin infusion group. CONCLUSION: IAUK infusion may be effectivefor the treatment of acute cerebral stroke.
Brain ; Heparin* ; Humans ; Stroke* ; Thrombosis ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator*

BACKGROUND: Electrical breathing pacing has many advantages over mechanical ventilation. However, clinically permanent diaphragmatic pacing has been applied to limited patients and few temporary pacing has been reported. Our purpose is to investigate the feasibility of temporary electrical diaphragm pacing in explothoracotomy canine cases. METHODS: Five dogs were studied under the general anesthesia. Left 5th intercostal space was opened. Self designed temporary pacing leads were placed around the left phrenic nerve and connected to the myostimulator. Chest wall was closed after tube insertion with underwater drainage. Millar catheter was introduced to the aorta and right atrium. Swan-Ganz catheter was introduced to the pulmonary artery. When the self respiration was shallow with deep anesthesia, hemodynamic and tidal volume were measured with the stimulator on. RESULTS: Tidal volume increased from 143.3 +/- 51.3 ml to 272.3 +/- 87.4 ml(p=0.004). Right atrial diastolic pressure decreased from 0.7 +/- 4.0 mmHg to -10.5 +/- 4.7 mmHg(p=0.005). Pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure decreased from 6.1 +/- 2.5 mmHg to 1.2 +/- 4.8 mmHg(p<0.001). The height of water level in chest tube to show intrathoracic pressure change was from 10.3 +/- 6.7cmH2O to 20.0 +/- 5.3 cmH2O. CONCLUSION: Temporary electrical diaphragmatic pacing is a simple method to assist respiration in explothoracotomy canine cases. Self designed pacing lead is implantable and removable. Negative pressure ventilation has favorable effects on the circulatory system. Therefore, clinical application of temporary breathing pacing is feasible in thoracotomy patients to assist cardiorespiratory function.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Animals ; Aorta ; Blood Pressure ; Catheters ; Chest Tubes ; Diaphragm ; Dogs ; Drainage ; Heart Atria ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Phrenic Nerve ; Pulmonary Artery ; Respiration ; Respiration, Artificial ; Thoracic Wall ; Thoracotomy ; Tidal Volume ; Ventilation ; Water

Intravesical instillation of the bacillus Calmentte-Gu rin(BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, is an approved method for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Because BCG is a living organism, the potential for infection exists. BCG is generally well tolerated, with complications in less than 5% of those treated with use of current practices. The most frequent symptoms of toxicity associated with intravesical BCG immunotherapy include bladder irritation, frequency, and dysuria. Systemic reactions are less common but more serious than local side effects, and include fever, chills, malaise, rash, hepatitis, pneumonitis, arthritis and sepsis. In rare cases, BCG treatment can result in a systemic infection that requires antituberculous therapy. The pulmonary toxicity that results from intravesical BCG treatment is generally characterized by one of two types : systemic allergic reaction with pulmonary reticulonodular opacities depicted on chest radiographs with cellular findings consisting of activated lymphocytes, and actual BCG mycobacteremia with a miliary pattern depicted on chest radiographs and granuloma formation which rarely results in positive acid-fast stain or culture results. Recently we experienced two types of pulmonary complications following intravesical BCG immunotherapy in patients with superficial bladder cancer. We report two cases with a review of literatures.
Administration, Intravesical ; Arthritis ; Bacillus* ; Chills ; Dysuria ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Granuloma ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunotherapy* ; Lymphocytes ; Mycobacterium bovis ; Pneumonia ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Sepsis ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder*