Chondroitin sulfate (CS) in corneal preservation medium can porolong corneal preservation time. The solutions used in the experimental chambers were made of TC-199 (GIB Co.) either by itself of by adding 1% CS (Sigma) to the TC-199. The evaliation of the viability of corneas can be made by monitoring their physiological parameter. Thus, we monitored the transendothelial electrical potential difference (p.d.) across deepithelialized rabbit corneas. We found that TC-199 containing 1% CS maintained higher p.d.'s than the same solution without CS.
Chondroitin Sulfates* ; Chondroitin* ; Cornea*

Recently a great deal of attention has been focused on increasing corneal preservation time, and chondroitin sulfate in corneal preservation media can prolong corneal preservation time. So far evaluation of the effectiveness of this and some additives have been based on determining the state of the cornea at the end of the preservation period. We have accomplished this by monitoring in vitro the transendothelial electrical potential difference across deepithelialized rabbit cornea. We found that corneas stored in basal salt plus glucose containing chondroitin sulfate maintained higher transendothelial potential difference than corneas stored in the same solutions without chondroitin sulfate. The beneficial effects of chondroitin sulfate were opthimal at the 1% concentration.
Chondroitin Sulfates* ; Chondroitin* ; Cornea ; Glucose

Proteoglycan is highly hydrophilic and negatively charged which enable them attract the water. The objective of study was to investigate the effects of Proteoglycan on microtensile bond strength of dentin adhesives and on architecture of dentin collagen matrix of acid etched dentin by removing the chondroitin sulphate attached on Proteoglycan. A flat dentin surface in mid-coronal portion of tooth was prepared. After acid etching, half of the specimens were immersed in 0.1 U/mL chondroitinase ABC (C-ABC) for 48 h at 37degrees C, while the other half were stored in distilled water. Specimens were bonded with the dentin adhesive using three different bonding techniques (wet, dry and re-wet) followed by microtensile bond strength test. SEM examination was done with debonded specimen, resin-dentin interface and acid-etched dentin surface with/without C-ABC treatment. For the subgroups using wet-bonding or dry-bonding technique, microtensile bond strength showed no significant difference after C-ABC treatment (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the subgroup using rewetting technique after air dry in the Single Bond 2 group demonstrated a significant decrease of microtensile bond strength after C-ABC treatment. Collagen architecture is loosely packed and some fibrils are aggregated together and relatively collapsed compared with normal acid-etched wet dentin after C-ABC treatment. Further studies are necessary for the contribution to the collagen architecture of noncollagenous protein under the various clinical situations and several dentin conditioners and are also needed about long-term effect on bond strength of dentin adhesive.
Adhesives ; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate ; Chondroitin ; Chondroitin ABC Lyase ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; Collagen ; Dentin ; Proteoglycans ; Tooth ; Water

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) inhibits neurite outgrowth of various neuronal cell types, and CSPG-associated inhibition of neurite outgrowth is mediated by the Rho/ROCK pathway. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into neuron-like cells under specific conditions and have been shown to differentiate into neuron-like cells by co-treatment with the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 and the hypoxia condition mimicking agent CoCl2. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that a ROCK inhibitor might be beneficial to regenerate neurons during stem cell therapy by preventing transplanted MSCs from inhibition by CSPG in damaged tissues. Indeed, dose-dependent inhibition by CSPG pretreatment was observed during morphological changes of Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) induced by Y27632 alone. The formation of neurite-like structures was significantly inhibited when WJ-MSCs were pre-treated with CSPG before induction under Y27632 plus CoCl2 conditions, and pretreatment with a protein kinase C inhibitor reversed such inhibition. However, CSPG treatment resulted in no significant inhibition of the WJ-MSC morphological changes into neuron-like cells after initiating induction by Y27632 plus CoCl2. No marked changes were detected in expression levels of neuronal markers induced by Y27632 plus CoCl2 upon CSPG treatment. CSPG also blocked the morphological changes of human bone marrow-derived MSCs into neuron-like cells under other neuronal induction condition without the ROCK inhibitor, and Y27632 pre-treatment blocked the inhibitory effect of CSPG. These results suggest that a ROCK inhibitor can be efficiently used in stem cell therapy for neuronal induction by avoiding hindrance from CSPG.
Anoxia ; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans* ; Chondroitin Sulfates* ; Chondroitin* ; Humans ; Neurites ; Neurons ; Protein Kinase C ; Stem Cells

The differences and the variations of chondroitin sulfate content in different parts of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum(CCP) with different processing methods were investigated. The chondroitin sulfate from velvet was extracted by dilute alkali-concentrated salt method. Next， the chondroitin sulfate was digested by chondroitinase ABC.The contents of total chondroitin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate A， B and C in the samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The content of chondroitin sulfate in wax，powder，gauze，bone slices of CCP with freeze-drying processing is 14.13，11.99，1.74，0.32 g·kg⁻¹， respectively. The content of chondroitin sulfate in wax，powder，gauze，bone slices of CCP with boiling processing is 10.71，8.97，2.21，1.40 g·kg⁻¹， respectively. The content of chondroitin sulfate in wax，powder，gauze，bone slices of CCP without blood is 12.47，9.47，2.64，0.07 g·kg⁻¹， respectively. And the content of chondroitin sulfate in wax，powder，gauze，bone slices of CCP with blood is 8.22，4.39，0.87，0.28 g·kg⁻¹ respectively. The results indicated that the chondroitin sulfate content in different processing methods was significantly different.The content of chondroitin sulfate in CCP with freeze-drying is higher than that in CCP with boiling processing.The content of chondroitin sulfate in CCP without blood is higher than that in CCP with blood. The chondroitin sulfate content in differerent paris of the velvet with the same processing methods was arranged from high to low as： wax slices， powder， gauze slices， bone slices.
Animals ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; analysis ; Deer ; Horns ; chemistry

PURPOSE: This study aimed to verify the efficacy and safety of intravesical treatment with sodium chondroitin sulfate (CS) in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) who are refractory to previous antimuscarinic treatment. METHODS: This study was performed between June 2012 and January 2015 and included 31 consecutive women (mean age, 42.10+/-7.34 years) with OAB who had been previously treated with two types of antimuscarinic drugs. The results of gynecologic and cystoscopic examinations were normal, and OAB comorbidity was absent. Treatment with intravesical instillations containing 40 mL CS (0.2%; 2 mg/mL) was administered for 6 weeks; after weekly treatments, monthly treatments were administered. The OAB-validated 8 (OAB-V8) symptom scores, nocturia, frequency, urgency, urge incontinence, and urinary volumes measured by uroflowmetry were evaluated for all the patients. The values obtained before the treatment were statistically compared with those obtained six months after the treatment. RESULTS: The duration of the symptoms was 18.36+/-6.19 months. A statistically significant improvement of the patients' conditions was observed in terms of the OAB-V8 symptom scores, nocturia, frequency, urgency, urge incontinence, and urinary volumes measured by uroflowmetry after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitations of this study, the outcomes confirmed that CS therapy is safe and effective for the treatment of OAB.
Administration, Intravesical ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; Chondroitin* ; Comorbidity ; Female ; Humans ; Nocturia ; Sodium* ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive* ; Urinary Incontinence, Urge

Osteoarthdtis (OA) is a common, chronic, and painful disorder characterized by cartilage loss. It is the most common among all rheumatic disorders and is a major cause of disability. OA can be managed with a variety of pharmacological therapies, including acetaminophen, traditional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase2 inhibitors, intraarticular steroids, viscosupplements, glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and capsaicin. In this review, I describe the clinical efficacy and side effects of these pharmaceuticals and review diseasemodifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOAD), such as glucosamine, diacerein, and avocado/soybean unsaponifiables, of which the clinical efficacy still remains to be determined.
Acetaminophen ; Capsaicin ; Cartilage ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; Glucosamine ; Osteoarthritis* ; Steroids ; Viscosupplements

We examined two different corneal preservatives, Optisol and Likorol which contain different concentrations of chondroitin sulfate and evaluated their ability to maintain cellular viability and corneal deturgescence. The corneal thickness(12 days storage, at 4degrees C) and endothelial cell cytotoxicity(24, 48, 72, and 120 hours incubation at 35.5degrees C) were measured in 8 paired human corneas. Corneas stored in Optisol were thinner than Likorol-stored corneas throughout the examination period. Alkaline Phosphatase activity and [3H]-Thymidine incorporation showed increased mitotic activity in endothelial cells cultured in Optisol when compared with Likorol-cultured cells. These results suggest that Optisol provides better maintenance of corneal deturgescence and increased corneal endothelial viability with prolonged storage time.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; Cornea ; Endothelial Cells ; Humans

We examined two different corneal preservatives, Optisol(R) and Likorol(R) which contain different concentrations of chondroitin sulfate and evaluated their ability to maintain cellular viability and corneal deturgescence. The corneal thickness(12 days storage, at 4 degrees C) and endothelial cell cytotoxicity (24, 48, 72, and 120 hours incubation at 35.5 degrees C) were measured in 8 paired human corneas. Corneas stored in Optisol were thinner than Likorol-stored corneas throughout the examination period. Alkaline Phosphatase activity and (3H)-Thymidine incorporation showed increased mitotic activity in endothelial cells cultured in Optisol when compared with Likorol-cultured cells. These results suggest that Optisol provides better maintenance of corneal deturgescence and increased corneal endothelial viability with prolonged storage time.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; Cornea ; Endothelial Cells ; Humans

Sulfated compounds are widely present in cytoplasm, on cell surface, and in extracellular matrix. These compounds play important roles in cell development, differentiation, immune response, detoxication, and cell signal transduction. 3-Phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is the universal sulfate group donor for the biosynthesis of sulfated compounds. Up to now, the synthesis of PAPS is still too expensive for industrial applications. This review focuses on the recent progress of PAPS production and summaries the application of PAPS, particularly in the production of glucosinolate, heparin, condroitin sulfate, and oxamniquine production.
Cell Differentiation ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate ; metabolism ; Sulfates