From the cow's bile, which is by product of food manufacture installations in Ho Chi Minh city, was surveyed and built up a progress for isolating cholic acide. From cholic acide by five steps obtained chenodeoxycholic acide. The product come up to the standard of BP 2000
Cholic Acid ; Animal Experimentation ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid

The objective of the present study was to identify the characteristics of phospholipase C (PLC) isozymes purified from bovine brain and to investigate their interrelationship with G protein. The purified PLC isozymes β, γ and δ were obtained and the characteristics of PLC activity on various concentrations of free Ca²⁺ were observed. The activity of PLC was increased with increasing Ca²⁺ concentration and the activity PLC δ was increased higher in the presence of phosphatidyl choline (PC) than in the absence of PC. For vesicle formation as the structure of cell membrane, cholic acid and deoxycholic acid as detergent on phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP₂) substrate containing PC were used, and then the activity of PLC isozymes were increased with increasing concentration of cholate, from 0.2% to 1% and were increased slightly in deoxycholate. In the PIP₂ containing phospholipid and glycolipid as brain extract, the activity of PLC isozymes were checked in 0.2-1% cholic acid. The activities of PLC isozymes were continuously increased up to 1% cholic acid. The quantitation of PLC isozymes from several bovine organs by radioimmunoassay was made. Brain was the most sufficient organ in terms of amount of PLC β and δ. A large amount of PLC δ was existed in adrenal gland. The binding capacity of GTPrS and G protein was observed and other observations of the binding effect of GTPrS-G protein and PLC monoclonal Ab-Protein A from tissue homogenate with PLC were made. From the observation the binding capacity was revealed the range of 0.11-1.49%. The effects of each type of G protein on the percent activity of purified PLC isozymes were observed. From the observation, activities of isozymes were increased in Goa & Gmix, and the activities of PLC β and δ were increased in Gβγ and Gia. Activities of PLC β and γ were decreased in Gta but PLC δ increased.
Adrenal Glands ; Brain* ; Cell Membrane ; Cholates ; Cholic Acid ; Choline ; Deoxycholic Acid ; Detergents ; GTP-Binding Proteins* ; Isoenzymes ; Phosphatidylinositols ; Phospholipases* ; Radioimmunoassay ; Type C Phospholipases*

Bile of animal(mainly chicken, pig, snake, cow, and bear) has long been used as medicine. As the major active components of bile, bile acids mainly include cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and taurochenodeoxycholic acid. They interact with intestinal microorganisms in enterohepatic circulation, thereby playing an important part in nutrient absorption and allocation, metabolism regulation, and dynamic balance. Bile acids have pharmacological effects such as protecting liver, kidney, heart, brain, and nerves, promoting bile secretion, dissolving gallstones, anti-cancer, relieving cough and dyspnea, dispelling phlegm, treating eye diseases, and regulating intestinal function and blood glucose, which are widely used in clinical practice. This study summarized and analyzed the research on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of bile acids from medicinal animals, in a bid to provide scientific basis and reference for the further development and utilization of bile acids.
Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Cattle ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid ; Cholic Acids ; Deoxycholic Acid ; Female ; Swine ; Ursodeoxycholic Acid

We have examined whether bile acids can affect the electrical and mechanical activities of circular smooth muscle of canine colon and ileum, using isometric tension measurement or patch clamp technique. It was found that a dilution of canine bile (0.03 ~ 2% by volume) enhanced or inhibited the amplitude of spontaneous contractions. An individual component of bile, deoxycholic acid (DCA) enhanced the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous contractile activity at 10(-6) M, while DCA at 10(-4) M inhibited the contraction. Similarly, the response to cholic acid was excitatory at 10(-5) M and inhibitory at 3 X 10(-4) M. Taurocholic acid at 10(-4) M enhanced the amplitude of muscle contraction. Electrically, canine bile at 1% reversibly depolarized the colonic myocytes under current clamp mode. Bile acids also elicited non-selective cation currents under voltage clamp studies, where K+ currents were blocked and the Cl- gradient was adjusted so that ECl- was equal to -70 mV, a holding potential. The non-selective cation current might explain the depolarization caused by bile acids in intact muscles. Furthermore, the bile acid regulation of electrical and mechanical activities of intestinal smooth muscle may explain some of the pathophysiological conditions accompanying defects in bile reabsorption.
Bile Acids and Salts ; Bile* ; Cholic Acid ; Colon ; Deoxycholic Acid ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; Ileum ; Muscle Cells ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Smooth* ; Muscles ; Taurocholic Acid

Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis is a rare inherited autosomal recessive disorder characterized by an increased plasma cholestanol level and the accumulation of sterol in tendon and nervous system. The primary biochemical abnormality is a defect in the synthesis of bile acid due to a lack of hepatic mitochondrial sterol-26-hydroxylase activity. The clinical symptoms usually begin in the 2nd decade and include cataract, xanthoma, and progressive neurological dysfunction. There are variable abnormal findings in the eletrophysiologic and radiologic evaluation. The usual treatment consists of long-term administration of the chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA or UDCA) or cholic acid, which may correct the biochemical abnormality. We report a case of Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis in a 32 year old male patient suffered from gait disturbance and tendon xanthoma in both achilles tendons and left knee area.
Achilles Tendon ; Adult ; Bile ; Cataract ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid ; Cholestanol ; Cholic Acid ; Gait ; Humans ; Knee ; Male ; Nervous System ; Plasma ; Tendons ; Xanthomatosis ; Xanthomatosis, Cerebrotendinous*

The present study was performed to elucidate the hypocholesterolemic action of chitosan on the diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=24) were fed with chitosan-free diet (Control), diets containing 2% or 5% chitosan for 4 weeks. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by adding 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid to all diets. Body weight gain and food intake of rats did not differ among the groups. The chitosan treated groups showed significant improvement in the plasma concentration of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol compared to the control group (p<0.05). Also, the chitosan treated groups decreased the liver concentration of total lipid and total cholesterol compared to the control group (p<0.05). The activity of hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids, was increased by 123% and 165% for the 2% or 5% chitosan diets, respectively. These findings suggest that enhancement of hepatic CYP7A1 activity may be a mechanism, which can partially account for the hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary chitosan in cholesterol metabolism.
Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Body Weight ; Chitosan* ; Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase ; Cholesterol* ; Cholic Acid ; Diet ; Eating ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia* ; Liver* ; Male ; Metabolism ; Plasma* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The experimental production of cholesterol gallstone suggests that alteration of the nature of gallbladder mucus may be a factor in the induction of gallbladder stones. This study was designed to clarify the changes of the gallbladder epithelia and the role of a high cholesterol-cholic acid diet (CCD) in the formation of the gallstones. METHOD: Forty mice were fed on a diet of natural 1% high-cholesterol egg yolk and 2.5% cholic acid for 8 weeks. The mice were sacrificed biweekly and followed up for 8 weeks. The gallbladder tissues and bile were prepared for electron microscopic examination. We observed the ultrastructural changes of the epithelia and the sediments of the gallbladder bile with scanning and transmission electron microscopic observation. RESULTS: 1) Process of Gallstone formation in bile: At the 2nd week in mice fed with CCD, the crystals grew up by appositional layering into monoliths and then by aggregation into mulberry-shaped stones. At the 8th week many stones and numerous concrements were observed. 2) Scanning electron microscopic findings: In mice fed with CCD, the scattered whitish patches of epithelial cell surfaces exhibited the cauliflower-like apical protrusion secreting mucin. These protrusions appeared to be swellings of the apical plasmalemma and they were mixed with the mucus and microvilli. 3) Transmission electron microscope findings: At the 2nd week, numerous electron lucent secretory granules were observed in the apical zone of the epithelial cells. Increased numbers of fat vacuoles were also observed in the basal area of epithelium. Two types of cells were observed in the lining epithelium: dark and light cells. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that long-term administration of CCD, and the resultant increased secretion of glycoprotein from gallbladder epithelial cells, could be a factor in the induction of the gallstones.
Animals ; Bile ; Cholesterol ; Cholic Acid ; Diet* ; Egg Yolk ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium ; Gallbladder* ; Gallstones* ; Glycoproteins ; Mice* ; Microvilli ; Mucins ; Mucus ; Secretory Vesicles ; Vacuoles

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of Korean Red Ginseng(KRG) on vaginal blood flow and histological changes in a hypercholesterolemic female rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: the control(n=20) and the hypercholesterolemia(n=40). Hypercholesterolemia group was fed a high fat diet(2% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid, 5% coconut oil) for 12 weeks. The hypercholesterolemia group was further divided into the vehicle only and the KRG treatment(50 mg/kg/day) groups. After 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, vaginal blood flow was measured by a laser Doppler flowmeter. Vaginal tissues were processed for histology and Western blot. RESULTS: After 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, serum cholesterol levels(mg/dl) were significantly increased in the hypercholesterolemia group(1185.0+/-736.1, 934.3+/-212.3) compared with the control group(69.7+/-19.5, 67.1+/-7.2), and partially decreased in KRG treatment group(688.2+/-251.5, 694.2+/-150.4), respectively. Vaginal blood flow(ml/min/100 g tissue) after pelvic nerve stimulation was lower in the hypercholesterolemia group(17.3+/-7.9, 17.9+/-5.5) compared with the control group(27.3+/-17.1, 26.9+/-16.4), however, the KRG treatment group(29.5+/-10.3, 27.4+/-11.1) was as high as the control group, respectively. The expressions of TGF-beta1 tended to increase in the vagina of the hypercholesterolemia animals compared to those of the control and the KRG treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: KRG treatment in hypercholesterolemic female rats decreased serum cholesterol levels and improved vaginal blood flow. These results suggest that KRG treatment may have a beneficial effect in women's sexual health.
Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cholesterol ; Cholic Acid ; Cocos ; Female* ; Flowmeters ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Models, Animal ; Panax* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reproductive Health ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Vagina

To investigate the pathologic change of gallbladder mucosa related to gallstone formation, 52 mice were fed a lithogenic diet containing 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid and we evaluated the sequential morphologic changes in the gallbladder from two days to 40 weeks. Cholesterol gallstones began to appear after two weeks and all the mice had gallstones after eight weeks. At two days, the mitotic index was at its highest. The gallbladder mucosa showed progressive hyperplastic change with earlier papillary projection of the folds and later inward proliferation. At the same time of stone formation, mucous cells forming glands appeared. Their histochemical profile of mucin was different from that of normal epithelium. Numbers of mucous cells increased gradually until 24 weeks but slightly decreased afterward. These results suggest hyperplasia and metaplasia are closely related to the gallstone formation. Hyperplasia is probably reactive to irritating effect of lithogenic bile or stone. Metaplasia and cholesterol gallstone may develop simultaneously, and act synergistically.
Animal ; Cholelithiasis/pathology* ; Cholelithiasis/etiology ; Cholelithiasis/chemically induced ; Cholesterol/administration & dosage ; Cholic Acid/administration & dosage ; Diet* ; Gallbladder/pathology* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mucous Membrane/pathology

In this study, the effects of corn peptide consumption on plasma lipid profiles were investigated in high cholesterol dietfed rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 21) were fed with corn peptide-free (control) diet, diets containing 2% or 5% corn peptide for 5 weeks. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by adding 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid to all diets. No difference was found in food intake and body weight gain among groups. The corn peptide treated groups showed significant improvement in the plasma level of HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05) compared to the control group, while the plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were not affected. 5% corn peptide supplemented diet reduced plasma level of triglycerides (p < 0.05). The atherogenic index was decreased in the corn peptide treated groups. These results suggest that consumption of corn peptide may lead to an amelioration of metabolic syndrome as well as a reduction of cardiovascular disease and hyperlipidemia through increasing the level of HDL-cholesterol, and decreasing the level of triglycerides in plasma.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Cholic Acid ; Diet ; Eating ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Hyperlipidemias ; Male ; Plasma* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Triglycerides ; Zea mays*