Attention is the cornerstone of effective functioning in a complex and information-rich world. While the neural activity of attention has been extensively studied in the cortex, the brain-wide neural activity patterns are largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of neural activity across the mouse brain during attentional processing using EEG and c-Fos staining, utilizing hierarchical clustering and c-Fos-based functional network analysis to evaluate the c-Fos activation patterns. Our findings reveal that a wide range of brain regions are activated, notably in the high-order cortex, thalamus, and brain stem regions involved in advanced cognition and arousal regulation, with the central lateral nucleus of the thalamus as a strong hub, suggesting the crucial role of the thalamus in attention control. These results provide valuable insights into the neural network mechanisms underlying attention, offering a foundation for formulating functional hypotheses and conducting circuit-level testing.
Animals ; Attention/physiology* ; Mice ; Brain/physiology* ; Male ; Electroencephalography ; Reaction Time/physiology* ; Brain Mapping ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Choice Behavior/physiology* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism*

OBJECTIVE: This study explored the job choice preferences of Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) workers to provide CDC management information and recommendations for optimizing employee retention and motivation policies. METHODS: A discrete choice experiment was conducted in nine provinces across China. Seven key attributes were identified to analyze the job preferences of CDC workers. Mixed logit models, latent class models, and policy simulation tools were used. RESULTS: A valid sample of 5,944 cases was included in the analysis. All seven attributes significantly influenced the job choices of CDC workers. Heterogeneity analyses identified two main groups based on different levels of preference for attribute utility. Income-prioritizers were concerned with income and opportunities for career development, whereas bianzhi-prioritizers were concerned with bianzhi and welfare benefits. The policy simulation analysis revealed that income-prioritizers had a relatively higher sensitivity to multiple job preference incentives. CONCLUSION Income and bianzhi were the two key attributes influencing the job choices and retention preferences of CDC workers. Heterogeneity in job preferences was also identified. Based on the preference characteristics of different subgroups, policy content should be skewed to differentiate the importance of incentives.
China ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; Middle Aged ; Choice Behavior ; Career Choice ; Motivation

Objective To gain insights into the care service preferences and willingness of patients with severe mental disorders in Beijing,analyze the main factors affecting their participation in care services,and provide data support and decision-making reference for the optimal design of care services for patients with severe mental disorders and the improvement of relevant policies.Methods In July 2022,a questionnaire survey was conducted for a part of Beijing community patients with severe mental disorders selected by multi-stage stratified sampling,including the basic personal information and the preferences of discrete choice experiment.A mixed Logit model was used to perform regression analysis on the care service preferences,and the trade off between general and monetary attributes was quantified by willingness to pay(WTP).Results A total of 242 questionnaires were distributed,and 181 valid questionnaires were collected,with a response rate of 74.79%.The regression coefficients for the four attributes-service type,service content,service frequency,and service cost-all showed statistical significance(all P<0.05).Patients' most preferred attribute level was a service frequency covering about 90% of the time per month/year( β=1.059),while the least preferred was full-time residential care( β=-1.025).Increasing the service frequency from 30% to 90% corresponded to a WTP of 492.5 yuan,while changing the service type from home-based care to full-time residential care resulted in a WTP of -476.6 yuan.Moreover,there were differences in care service preferences and WTP among patient groups with different characteristics(all P<0.05).Conclusions Service type,service content,service frequency,and service cost all significantly affect the care service preferences of patients with severe mental disorders.There is heterogeneity in care service preferences among patient groups with different characteristics.
Humans ; Mental Disorders/therapy* ; Patient Preference ; Beijing ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Male ; Female ; Choice Behavior ; Adult ; Middle Aged

BACKGROUND: The role of family medicine specializing in primary care is important. This study examined medical students' perception of family medicine and their career choice, and provides policy and educational implications for family medicine.METHODS: The study used data collected from the 111 medical students from Keimyung University. The questionnaire comprised items pertaining to respondents' demographic information, career plan, and perceptions about family medicine.RESULTS: The most common mode of learning about family medicine was class or clinical practice (68.5%). Further, 73 students (65.8%) reported an intention to select family medicine as their major. These students were most likely to be employed (34 persons). Among the 111 students, 3 (2.8%) choose family medicine as their preferred major. Before receiving clinical practice experience, the most common reason for not choosing family medicine was “does not fit into the reality in Korea” (32.1%). After clinical practice, “lack of professionalism” (44.6%) was the most commonly cited reason.CONCLUSION: Medical students' perception about family medicine was strongly influenced by their experiences during class and clinical practice. Students also reported the need to improve professionalism in family medicine. Building public relations could help improve medical students' awareness about family medicine, and it is also necessary to improve social awareness of family medicine through the support of government such as th family doctor system.
Career Choice ; Humans ; Intention ; Learning ; Primary Health Care ; Professionalism ; Public Relations ; Students, Medical ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate factors influencing career preparation behavior among male nursing students in South Korea. METHODS: Data were collected from May 25 to June 17, 2018 and a total of 158 male nursing students participated in this study. Career decision making self-efficacy, military duty planning, and career preparation behavior were measured using a structured questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS 25.0 for windows. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in career preparation behavior of participants according to entrance motivation and desired career after graduation. There were statistically significant correlations between career decision making self-efficacy and career preparation behavior (r=.65, p < .001), and between military duty planning and career preparation behavior (r=.45, p < .001). The influential factors for career preparation behavior were career decision making self-efficacy (β=.64, p < .001), and military duty planning (β=.42, p < .001). These factors accounted for 42% of the variance in career preparation behavior. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that to improve career preparation behavior for male nursing students, it is necessary to enhance career decision making self-efficacy and military duty planning.
Career Choice ; Decision Making ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Military Personnel ; Motivation ; Nursing ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to understand the experiences of career exploration among nursing students during their clinical practice and to develop a theoretical framework for the career exploration process. METHODS: From February 2 to 28, 2015, data were collected through focus group interviews from 24 participating fourth-year nursing students. The data were analyzed using grounded theory. RESULTS: The central phenomenon of 'confusion between the ideal and the reality of nursing' occurred in contexts for various reasons of choosing one's major, nurses in the ideal, a vague fear of the field, arduous nursing assignments in the field, and severe adversity in the nursing field. Nursing students tried to deal with their confusion by using interaction strategies such as pursuing the intrinsic value of nursing, finding role models, trying to project oneself, and preparing for adapting to reality. The career exploration process in clinical practice was a voyage to discover the authentic nurse of the pre-registration nurse. CONCLUSION: This result shows that nursing students were to gain confidence in their career choices by finding the value of nursing and interacting with patients. Therefore, opportunities for learning experiences about interaction with patients and various positive experiences in clinical practice should be provided for nursing students.
Career Choice ; Focus Groups ; Grounded Theory ; Humans ; Learning ; Nursing ; Nursing, Practical ; Qualitative Research ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: Students joining medical studies may be motivated by many factors. However, there may also be some factors which may concern them. Although, it can be assumed that those joining medical studies would have largely been influenced positively, how the factors interact in different groups of students has not been studied adequately. METHODS: We conducted a questionnaire-based survey in first-year medical students. Besides the demographics and intentions about their future career plans, students rated a list of positively influencing items and a list of negatively affecting items relevant to our context that influenced their decision. We performed factor analysis followed by clustering of study participants. RESULTS: Ninety-seven students participated in the survey which comprised of 59% females with mean age of 18.6 years. The factors extracted were named as 'personal growth factor,' 'professional calling factor,' 'personal concerns factor,' and 'professional concerns factor.' Four distinct clusters of participants differing in their average ratings to each of the above factors were identified. CONCLUSION: This study provides information on the factors that influence students to join medical studies from an Indian context. The motivational patterns were varied in different sub-groups of students. The data obtained from this study may provide pointers to educators to plan training of students, changes in curricular structure that takes into account the expansion of medical education into specialties and beyond.
Career Choice ; Demography ; Education, Medical ; Female ; Humans ; India ; Intention ; Motivation ; Students, Medical

Behavioral analysis in mice provided important contributions in helping understand and treat numerous neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders. The behavioral performance of animals and humans is widely different among individuals but the neurobehavioral mechanism of the innate difference is seldom investigated. Many neurologic conditions share comorbid symptoms that may have common pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy. The forced swim test (FST) has been commonly used to evaluate the “antidepressant” properties of drugs yet the individual difference analysis of this test was left scantly investigated along with the possible connection among other behavioral domains. This study conducted an FST-screening in outbred CD-1 male mice and segregated them into three groups: high performers (HP) or the active swimmers, middle performers (MP), and low performers (LP) or floaters. After which, a series of behavioral experiments were performed to measure their behavioral responses in the open field, elevated plus maze, Y maze, three-chamber social assay, novel object recognition, delay discounting task, and cliff avoidance reaction. The behavioral tests battery revealed that the three groups displayed seemingly correlated differences in locomotor activity and novel object recognition but not in other behaviors. This study suggests that the HP group in FST has higher locomotor activity and novelty-seeking tendencies compared to the other groups. These results may have important implications in creating behavior database in animal models that could be used for predicting interconnections of various behavioral domains, which eventually helps to understand the neurobiological mechanism controlling the behaviors in individual subjects.
Animals ; Behavior Rating Scale ; Delay Discounting ; Humans ; Individuality ; Male ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Motor Activity

INTRODUCTIONThe introduction of the residency programme in Singapore allows medical students to apply for residency in their graduating year. Our study aimed to determine the interest levels and motivating factors for pursuing emergency medicine (EM) as a career among medical students in Singapore.

METHODSA self-administered questionnaire was distributed to Year 1-5 medical students in 2012. Participants indicated their interest in pursuing EM as a career and the degree to which a series of variables influenced their choices. Influencing factors were analysed using multinomial logistic regression.

RESULTSA total of 800 completed questionnaires were collected. 21.0% of the participants expressed interest in pursuing EM. Perceived personality fit and having done an elective in EM were strongly positive influencing factors. Junior medical students were more likely to cite the wide diversity of medical conditions and the lack of a long-term doctor-patient relationship to be negative factors, while senior medical students were more likely to cite personality fit and perceived prestige of EM as negative factors.

CONCLUSIONCareful selection of EM applicants is important to the future development of EM in Singapore. Our study showed that personality fit might be the most important influencing factor in choosing EM as a career. Therefore, greater effort should be made to help medical students explore their interest in and suitability for a particular specialty. These include giving medical students earlier exposure to EM, encouraging participation in student interest groups and using appropriate personality tests for career guidance.

Career Choice ; Decision Making ; Emergency Medicine ; education ; manpower ; Female ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Male ; Motivation ; Regression Analysis ; Singapore ; Students, Medical ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with new graduate nurses' choices of local hospitals. METHODS: Participants were 526 new graduate nurses from one of five universities located in Busan, Ulsan or Gyeongnam. The new graduates completed a self-report questionnaire survey during February and March, 2016. The questionnaire included questions about choices of local hospitals, satisfaction with nursing major, nursing professionalism and anticipated nursing practice environment. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with the new graduate nurses' choices of local hospitals. RESULTS: Of the participants, 86.3% had their first jobs in their nursing school region (local hospitals). The choice of local hospitals among new graduate nurses was related to region of origin, type of nursing school, grade point average, and anticipated nursing practice environment. CONCLUSION: Local hospitals need to enhance the nurse practice environment and provide institutional benefits to new graduate nurses who choose local hospitals. For quality nursing care, reducing the geographical gap and improving policy is necessary.
Busan ; Career Choice ; Logistic Models ; Nursing ; Nursing Care ; Professionalism ; Schools, Nursing ; Ulsan