The purpose of this study were to label nursing intervention activities performed by Korean nurses working in medical-surgical units by using Nursing Intervention Classification, and to compare nursing intervention classification in Korea with that in Iowa, and to link nursing interventions to nursing diagnoses. This research was done in two steps. At the first step, list nursing intervention activities were used by korean nurses working in medical-surgical units and categorize and label by using Nursing Intervention Classification. The 142 nursing interventions were identified. The nursing interventions had a three-tiered taxonomic structure composed 6 domains, 27 classes, and 142 nursing interventions. At the second step, 142 interventions were linked to 57 nursing diagnoses and validated by the following 27 experts: 6 nursing professors, 11 graduate nursing students who have specialty of medical-surgical nursing, 10 head nurses who have clinical experiences over 10 years. The method of expert survey used to established the content validity of linking nursing diagnoses and nursing interventions. Questionnaire was distributed to experts. In questionnaire, the intervention labels for each of 57 nursing diagnosis were listed. Exports were asked to rate each diagnosis according to the extent to which it was validated and to identify any interventions they believed needed to be deleted or added. The analysis of results indicated that the taxonomy was well developed. More than 80% of the respondents rates s wither very validate of validate on 44 nursing diagnoses. Only 13 diagnoses were rated as validate by less than 80% of respondents. Based on validity results, revisions were made by adding 60 interventions and deleting 1 intervention. Therefore, total 201 of nursing interventions for 57 nursing diagnoses were identified. The use of standardized classifications in the areas of nursing diagnoses and interventions facilitates communication and allow us to build large computerized databases which, in turn, through their accessibility will facilitate research and clinical decision making. A common nursing language will unit nurses and make nursing care an identifiable essence of health care. Also this study adds to the enhance quality of nursing care and build a unique body of knowledge in nursing.
Classification* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Decision Making ; Delivery of Health Care ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Iowa ; Korea ; Nursing Care ; Nursing Diagnosis* ; Nursing* ; Nursing, Supervisory ; Students, Nursing ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Lumbar braces, cast jackets and lumbar corsets are commonly prescribed for the relief of low back pain or the prevention of instability of lumbar or lumbosacral vertebrae. These devices have been presumed to achive their effect by (1) decreasing movement at the involved intervertebral joints, (2) shifting a portion of the load from the spine to the rest of the trunk by compressing the abdomen, (3) decreasing lumbar lordosis and therefore, mechanical stress on the spine and (4) providing sufficient support to allow relaxation of the muscles of the trunk. But it is doubtful that lumbar braces or corsets significantly decrease movement between lumbar vertebrae. To maintain the stability of the lumbar and lumbosacral spine, abdominal muscles and intrinsic muscles of the back play an important role. When these muscles weaken the lumbar lordosis becomes exaggerated possibly bringing about degenerative changes in the articular processes and approximation of the spinous processes. In severe cases results in the so-called kissing spine which causes low back pain. The pain may be relieved by use of lumbo-sacral corsets or knight braces, which diminish lordosis. However, there has been no scientific report on adequate types of braces, duration of use or muscle weakness resulting from its use as yet. The prupose of this study is to provide a theoretical braces for, planning adequate prevention and early treatment, so that labour loss from retirement or change of job due to low back pain could be minimized, permitting early return to employment and resumption of activities of daily living. In other words, this study concentrates on the indications for use and selection of which will produce optimum results in the treatment of patients with low back pain. The EMG was taken immediately after admission, and after 3 weeks of bed rest accompanied by pelvic traction with or without heating, and also it was taken after 6 weeks of use of brace. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. After bed rest the EMG activities were increased in back muscles, such as longissimus dorsi, multifidus and iliocostalis lumborum and in abdominal muscles of internus abdominis while decreased in rectus abdominis. 2. There has been no significant change after use of corset in acute cases while the muscle activities. were increased after use of lumbar corset in chronic cases. 3. Rectus abdominis was most senstively influenced by bed rest or use of brace both in acute and chronic cases. And it was the last to recover probably because it does not contract in ordinary alow walking. 4. Knight brace was considered to be preferable to lumbar corset in acute cases with evidence of weakness in abdominal muscles by EMG. 5. There was no difference between bed rest and use of brace in patients who had radiculopathy with functional difficulties or not.
Abdomen ; Abdominal Muscles ; Activities of Daily Living ; Animals ; Back Muscles ; Bed Rest ; Braces ; Employment ; Heating ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Joints ; Lordosis ; Low Back Pain ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Muscle Weakness ; Muscles ; Paraspinal Muscles ; Radiculopathy ; Rectus Abdominis ; Relaxation ; Retirement ; Spine ; Stress, Mechanical ; Traction ; Walking

OBJECTIVE: Bacteroides fragilis, normal colonic inhabitant, is the most frequently isolated anaerobes in infected tissues, particularly in intraabdominal abscesses. In the acute infection model with abscesses, the response to B. fragilis infection is characterized by infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. This study was designed to determine whether proinflammatory cytokines could be upregulated in peritoneal tissue of B. fragilis-infected mouse model. METHODS: After C57BL/6 mice were infected with abscess-inducing encapsulated B. fragilis, RNA was extracted from the intraperitoneal tissues. Cellular RNA was also extracted from mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after infection with B. fragilis. Expression of various cytokine mRNA was assessed using RT-PCR and standard RNA. Each cytokine protein was also measured by ELISA. RESULTS: B. fragilis-infected intraperitoneal tissues showed upregulated expression of IL-1u, IL-6 and TNFu mRNA. Expression of IL-1u and TNFu mRNA and protein was significantly higher in MPM or PBMC infected with B. fragilis than in those without infection. However, expression of IL-6 mRNA and protein was not increased in MPM or PBMC infected with B. fragilis compared with those without infection. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the cytokines can be involved in immunopathologic reactions of the peritoneal tissue infected with B. jragilis.
Abscess ; Animals ; Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Colon ; Cytokines ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; Macrophages ; Macrophages, Peritoneal ; Mice* ; Neutrophils ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger

PURPOSE: It was identified that how many homebound bedridden elderlies and their primary caregivers were depressed, and which factors affected the bedridden elderly's depression. METHOD: The subjects were 191 homebound bedridden elderlies and their primary caregivers. The affecting factors were classified into two categories: bedridden elderly and their primary caregiver related factors. Then bedridden elderly's factors were classified demographic and disease-related factors again. The stepwise regression was used to identify significant factors. RESULT: The prevalence of bedridden elderly's and caregiver's depression was 77.8% and 67.0%, respectively. And the model explained 33.3% of variance of bedridden elderly's depression. Cognitively-impaired female elderlies who had depressed caregivers were found to be more depressed. And caregivers who perceived burden were identified to be more depressed. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that the health professionals need to identify bedridden elderlies and caregivers at risk of depression. Especially elderlies who is in poor cognition, those who are female, and those whose caregivers were depressed might be considered carefully in all counseling or follow-up. Also the primary caregivers must be helped to access already available formal and informal support.
Aged ; Caregivers ; Cognition ; Counseling ; Depression* ; Female ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Prevalence

PURPOSE: This study aims to identify the ADL and IADL of bed-ridden elderly. Also it is used to show fuctional status, and to investigate the content and the level of nursing services provided. METHOD: The subjects were 191 elderly who received visiting nurse service through public health centers in the Seoul Metopolitan and Chungnam Province. Data collection was conducted by public health center nurses during four months in 2000. Result: As for daily living activities, 100% of subjects had at least one difficulty in ADL and IADL. Among them, only 0.5% had moderate disabilities and 99.5% had severe disabilities by HFS, 27.9% were in a semi bed-ridden state and 72.1% were completely bed-ridden by JABC. The major service provided was a visiting nurse service which was preferable to the social welfare service. In the visiting nurse service, there was no significant difference according to the elderlys' functional status. In addition there was no standadization about the qualification of the visiting nurse, and single entry point for the nursing service. CONCLUSION: The researchers urgently suggest that a community based comprehensive service model has to be developed to respond to the needs of the elderly in Korea.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged* ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Korea ; Nurses, Community Health ; Nursing Services ; Public Health ; Seoul ; Social Welfare

No abstract available.
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent*

No abstract available.
Korea* ; Tuberous Sclerosis*

Invasion of enteric bacteria, such as Salmonella and invasive E. coli, into intestinal epithelial cells induces proinflammatory gene responses and finally epithelial cell apoptosis. In this study, we asked whether invasive bacterial infection of human intestinal epithelial cells could upregulate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression and whether increased COX-2 expression could influence intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. Expression of COX-2 mRNA and prostaglandin (PG) E production were upregulated in HT-29 colon epithelial cells which were infected with S. dublin or invasive E. coli, as examined by quantitative RT-PCR and radioimmunoassay. Inhibition of COX-2 expression and PGE2 production using NS-398, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, showed a significant increase af epithelial cell apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in HT-29 cells infected with invasive bacteria. However, the addition of valerylsalicylate, a specific COX-1 inhibitor, did not change apoptosis in S. dublin-infected HT-29 cells. These results suggest that upregulated COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in response to invasive bacterial infection could contribute to host defense by inhibiting apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells.
Apoptosis* ; Bacteria ; Bacterial Infections* ; Caspase 3 ; Colon ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Dinoprostone ; Enterobacteriaceae ; Epithelial Cells* ; Gene Expression ; HT29 Cells ; Humans ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases* ; Radioimmunoassay ; RNA, Messenger ; Salmonella

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree knowledge of myocardial infarction(MI) among the general population and to provide a direction for developing public health education programs. The subjects for this study were 187 people who lived in Seoul or Wonju City, Korea. The data were collected by questionnaire from Nov. ito Dec.5, 1997. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher based on a literature review, It consisted of 34 items of which nine items were on .iology, ten items on preventive measures, ten items signs & symptoms, five items on pain area. Analysis the data was done using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA with the SPSS PC program. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The scores for knowledge of etiology(5.94), preventive measures(7.13), signs & symptoms(5.33) and area of pain(1.62). The highest score for knowledge about MI was preventive measures. the lowest score was for area of pain. Almost half of the subjects were not aware that 'hyperglycemia'and 'fatigue'can cause a MI. Also more than half of the subjects were not aware that 'reduced high carbohydrated diet'can prevent ML So this study showed that the general population has a need for more information about the relationship of hyperglycemia to MI. Less than half of the subjects knew that 'alteration in sleep pattern(49.4%)'. 'nausea, vomiting. indigestion(36.4%)''pain in the area of radiation and not in the chest(24.2%)' are sign & symptom of MI. Most of the people are aware that pain will be College of Nursing, Yonsei University Department of Nursing, Wonju College of Medicine. Yonsei University Department of Nursing. College of Medicine. Dankook University slightly to the left of the sternum(733%) but were not aware that pain may also radiate to the shoulder or arm(74.8%), neck or teeth(90.6%) Also 35% of the subjects think there is no treatment for an MI after it has occurred. 2. In the relationship between social demographic characteristics and degree of knowledge, there were significant differences due to sex, education level, and marital status. 3. This study showed hat most subjects got their in formation about MI from T.V. and radio(62.7%), but the score for knowledge was not high. The following are suggested based on the above results 1) It is necessary to reinforce information about signs & symptoms, area of pain and treatment of MI in public education programs, because people who do not know that their symptoms represent a heart at tack will delay seeking care and medical attention, 2) Because there are significant differences between knowledge and demographic characteristic(sex. education level, marital status), it is necessary to develop effective health education programs to consider these characteristics. Also we need behavioral strategies to change lifestyle and prevent more people from entering the MI high risk group. 3) Patients are almost always frightened and fearful which can cause a fatal delay. Education should focus on the emotional reasons behind people's resistance to calling the emergency medical system. 4) Educational programs need to target the potential witnesses rather than the individuals who suffer cardiac symptoms, focusing on the independent role that family members should take in the face of cardiac symptoms. Families of high risk group members, particularly their spouses, should receive special education about handling changes in cardiac symptoms. 5) Further studies are needed to identify factors which can cause patients to delay seeking treatment and to investigate the adaptive coping strategies of MI patients & their families when they have signs & symptoms.
Education ; Education, Special ; Emergencies ; Gangwon-do ; Health Education ; Heart ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Korea ; Life Style ; Marital Status ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Neck ; Nursing ; Public Health ; Seoul ; Shoulder ; Spouses ; Vomiting ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Child* ; Colon* ; Humans