In this paper is recommended a highly sensitive and reagent-safe method to determine plasma heamoglobin (FHb) in viscacha hemolytic test. The 2,4-dichlorophenol method (2,4-DCP) of Trinder reaction has been improved. The performance of 2,4-DCP is verified. The sensitivity of 2,4-DCP is 2.39 times that of phenol method. It is well used with run precision and day-to-day precision. The reaction color is stable. The reference value FHb is 1-36.7 mg/L. Sodium citric is an excellent anticoagulant liquid to keep erythrocyte. The 2,4-DCP method is neither carcinogenic nor poisonous;it is suitable for viscacha hemolytic test in clinical and biomedical engineering.
Chlorophenols ; Coombs Test ; methods ; Hemoglobins ; analysis ; Hemolysis ; Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVETo investigate reductive dechlorination of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) by nanoscale Fe0 under different conditions.

METHODSNanoscale Fe0 was synthesized by using reductive method. 4-CP and its intermediate products were analyzed by HPLC. Chlorine ion was quantified with DX-100 ion chromatograph. Nano-iron particles were observed under a FEI Quanta 200 FEG environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM).

RESULTSThe size of the particles was in the range of 10-100 nm. The nano-iron particles could reduce 4-CP effectively. The initial concentration of 4-CP increased with the decrease of the relative degradation rate, whereas the reduced amount of 4-CP increased. Temperature could influence both the dechlorination rate and the reaction pathway. Moreover, the stability and durability of nanoscale Fe0 was evaluated through batch studies over extended periods of time.

CONCLUSIONThe nanoscale Fe0 can be used for sustainable treatment of contaminants in groundwater.

Chlorine ; chemistry ; Chlorophenols ; chemistry ; Iron ; chemistry ; Nanoparticles ; chemistry ; ultrastructure ; Temperature ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; chemistry

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect on the inflammatory indexes of septic gastrointestinal dysfunction treated with acupuncture at Jiaji (EX-B 2). METHODS: A total of 118 patients of septic gastrointestinal dysfunction were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 59 cases in each one. In the control group, mosapride citrate was prescribed for oral administration, 5 mg each time, 3 times a day, bifidobacterium triple viable capsules, 420 mg each time, twice a day, intravenous drip with omeprazole, 40 mg, twice a day. Additionally, the antibiotics and the symptomatic treatment were selected rationally for maintaining the functions of the important organs, e.g. heart, lung, brain and kidney, and water-electrolyte balance. In the observation group, on the routine management as the control group, acupuncture at Jiaji (EX-B 2, T-T) was added, the needles were retained for 30 min in each treatment, once a day, 10 days as one course and 1 course was required. Separately, on the 1st, 3rd, 6th and 10th days of treatment, the white blood cell (WBC) count, the levels of hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were observed, the enteral nutrition feeding dose and gastrointestinal dysfunction score before and after treatment as well as the clinical effect were assessed in the two groups. RESULTS: The differences were not significant in the indexes mentioned above on 1st and 3rd days of treatment between the two groups (>0.05). On the 6th and 10th days of treatment, regarding the gastrointestinal dysfunction score and inflammatory indexes count, the results in the observation group were lower than the control group (all <0.05), and feeding dose in the observation group was higher than the control group (<0.05). After treatment, the gastrointestinal dysfunction scores and inflammatory indexes count were all reduced and feeding dose was increased as compared with those before treatment in the patients of the two groups (all <0.05). After treatment, the total effective rate was 91.5% (54/59) in the observation group, higher than 76.3% (45/59) in the control group (<0.05). CONCLUSION Acupuncture at Jiaji (EX-B 2) points achieves the satisfactory effect on septic gastrointestinal dysfunction and reduces the inflammatory indexes count.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Case-Control Studies ; Chlorophenols ; therapeutic use ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; therapy ; Humans ; Needles ; Sepsis

OBJECTIVE: To compare the curative effect of panlong needling at Jiaji (EX-B 2) combined with western medication and western medication alone on motor dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) of liver and kidney deficiency. METHODS: A total of 98 patients with PD were randomly divided into an acupuncture and medication group (49 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a western medication group (49 cases,1 case was removed). The patients in the western medication group were given oral of levodopa and benserazide hydrochloride tablets, 125 mg each time, three times a day in the 1st week, and the dose was increased according to the needs of the patients' condition from the 2nd week until 250 mg each time, three times a day, for 16 consecutive weeks. On the basis of the same western medication treatment as the western medication group, panlong needling was applied at Jiaji (EX-B 2) from C₂ to L₅ in the acupuncture and medication group, once a day, 20 times as a course of treatment, for 4 consecutive courses. The scores of unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS-Ⅲ, UPDRS-Ⅳ), TCM symptoms score, and 39-item Parkinson's disease questionnaire (PDQ-39) score were evaluated before treatment, after treatment and during follow-up of 1 month after treatment, respectively. The safety of the two groups was compared. RESULTS: After treatment and during follow-up, except the PDQ-39 score of the western medication group, the scores of UPDRS-Ⅲ, UPDRS-Ⅳ, TCM syndrome and PDQ-39 were lower than those before treatment in the two groups (P<0.05), and the scores of above indexes in the acupuncture and medication group were lower than those of the western medication group (P<0.05). The total incidence of adverse reactions in the acupuncture and medication group was 10.4% (5/48), which was lower than 29.2% (14/48) in the western medication group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Panlong needling at Jiaji (EX-B 2) combined with western medication could significantly improve the motor dysfunction and clinical symptoms, improve the quality of life and has high safety, and the efficacy is superior to western medication alone.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Chlorophenols ; Humans ; Kidney ; Liver ; Parkinson Disease/therapy* ; Quality of Life ; Treatment Outcome

Objective: A method to determine chlorobenzene metabolite-p-chlorophenol in urine by solid phase extraction-gas chromatography was established. Methods: In May 2021, the urine sample was hydrolyzed at 100 ℃ for 1.5 h with 2 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid. After cooling and filtering, the sample was enriched and purified by Oasis(®)MAX 6cc SPE column. Drip washing with 0.01 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution and elution with acetonitrile, the eluent was volumized to 5 ml with acetonitrile and determined by gas chromatography, and quantify by standard curve method. Results: Calibration curve of the method was linear within the range of 1.61-80.30 μg/ml and showed good linearity with r=0.9997, the regression equation was y=1.51602x-0.10234. The determination limit was 0.17 μg/ml, and the limit of quantitation was 0.55 μg/ml. Recovery rates were between 89.3%-104.4%, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of intra-day measurements ranged from 4.3% to 6.7%, and the RSD of inter-day measurements ranged from 4.5% to 6.7%. Conclusion: This method could optimize sample pretreatment, and eliminate the interference of impurities, which is sensitive, efficient and accurate for the determination of chlorobenzene metabolite-p-chlorophenol in urine.
Acetonitriles ; Chlorophenols ; Chromatography, Gas ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Hydrochloric Acid ; Solid Phase Extraction/methods*

OBJECTIVES: To observe the effects on cognitive function, sleep quality and hemodynamics in the patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) after treated with acupuncture at neck-Jiaji (EX-B 2) and tuina on the base of healthy lifestyle education and meta-memory training. METHODS: Sixty SCD patients were randomly divided into an observation group (30 cases, 1 case dropped out) and a control group (30 cases, 3 cases dropped out). In the control group, the healthy lifestyle education and meta-memory training was performed, twice daily, 15 min each time; the 5-day intervention was delivered a week, lasting consecutively 4 weeks. On the base of the intervention as the control group, in the observation group, acupuncture at neck-Jiaji (EX-B 2) and tuina was conducted. First, one-finger pushing and plucking method of tuina was exerted on the neck region along the running courses of the bladder meridian of foot-taiyang and the governor vessel, for 10 min to 15 min; afterwards, acupuncture was delivered at bilateral neck-Jiaji (EX-B 2), from C₁ to C₇; and the needles were retained for 30 min. This intervention was given once daily, 5 times a week, for consecutive 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, the score of the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), the score of full scale memory quotient (FSMQ) were assessed by Wechsler memory scale-fourth edition (WMS-Ⅳ) and the score of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) was compared between the two groups. Using transcranial Doppler ultrasound, the hemodynamic indexes (the mean velocity [Vm] and pulsatility index [PI] of the left vertebral artery [LVA], the right vertebral artery [RVA] and the basilar artery [BA]) were determined in the two groups. RESULTS: After treatment, the scores of MMSE and FSMQ increased compared with those before treatment in the two groups (P<0.05, P<0.001), PSQI score was lower (P<0.05) and Vm of BA was higher (P<0.001) in the observation group when compared with those before treatment. The scores of MMSE and FSMQ, as well as Vm of BA were higher (P<0.05, P<0.001), and PSQI score was decreased (P<0.05) in the observation group when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS The combined therapy of acupuncture at neck-Jiaji (EX-B 2) and tuina is more advantageous to improving cognitive function, relieving chronic emotional stress and ameliorating sleeping quality in the patients with subjective cognitive decline, which may be achieved by improving the blood supply of the basilar artery.
Humans ; Acupuncture Therapy/methods* ; Chlorophenols ; Cognitive Dysfunction/therapy* ; Cognition ; Acupuncture Points ; Treatment Outcome

A accidental spills of phenol(100%) to the river Nakdong with subsequent contamination of the tap water for about two million consumers in Taegu city of Korea were occurred in March 1991. A historical cohort study of 6,913 individuals was undertaken to determine the associated with illness. Population subjects were divided into two groups of exposed and unexposed. Exposed subjects were reported to be phenol associated symptoms significantly higher than those in a nearby unexposed area(39.6% vs 9.4%, p<0.01). Especially, in the related symptoms, highly significant differences were noted in the number of subjects reporting gastrointestinal illness such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain. During the accident, study subjects who experienced peculiar taste or odor in the tap water were significantly higher in the exposed areas(92% vs 34.3%). Chlorophenols formed from chlorination of water may have aggravated the problem.
Abdominal Pain ; Chlorophenols ; Cohort Studies ; Daegu ; Diarrhea ; Drinking Water* ; Drinking* ; Equipment and Supplies* ; Halogenation ; Korea ; Nausea ; Odors ; Phenol* ; Rivers ; Vomiting ; Water

We produced (S)-4-cyano-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-butyrate by highly stereoselective biocatalyst in this study. A nitrilase-producing strain, named Gibberella intermedia WX12, was isolated by 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-glutaronitrile as substrate in the screening with phenol-sodium hypochlorite method. The fermentation conditions and catalytic properties of this strain were investigated. The preferred carbon and nitrogen sources for nitrilase production were lactose (30 g/L) and peptone (20 g/L). After being cultivated for 96 h, the cells were collected for use in biotransformation. The hydrolysis of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-glutaronitrile was performed at 30 degrees C in phosphate buffer (pH 8.0, 50 mmol/L) for 24 h to give (S)-4-cyano-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-butyric acid with 90% yield and > 99% of ee, which can be used for the synthesis of (R)- and (S)-baclofen. The configuration of product was determined by chemically converting it to baclofen and comparison with the authentic sample by chiral HPLC analysis.
Aminohydrolases ; metabolism ; Baclofen ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Biocatalysis ; Chlorophenols ; chemistry ; Gibberella ; enzymology ; Hydrolysis ; Nitriles ; chemistry ; Prodrugs ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Jiaji" (EX-B 2) points combined with nerve mobilization on protein and mRNA expression of RhoA in rabbits with sciatic nerve injury, and to provide theoretical basis for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury by EA at "Jiaji" (EX-B 2) points combined with nerve mobilization. METHODS: A total of 180 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into a normal control group, a model control group, a nerve mobilization group, an EA group, an EA plus nerve mobilization group, 36 rabbits in each group. Each group was further divided into a 1-week subgroup, 2-week subgroup and 4-week subgroup, 12 rabbits in each subgroup. The sciatic nerve injury model was made by clamping method. The rabbits in the normal control group did not receive any intervention. The rabbits in the model control group was normally fed after operation. The rabbits in the nerve mobilization group were treated with nerve mobilization; the manipulation lasted for 1 s and relaxed for 5 s, 10 times per day, 6 days per week. The rabbits in the EA group were treated with EA at "Jiaji" (EX-B 2) points (L-L), once a day, 30 min each time, 6 times per week. The rabbits in the EA plus nerve mobilization group were treated with EA at "Jiaji" (EX-B 2) points, followed by nerve mobilization. The function of sciatic nerve on the injured side was evaluated by toe tension reflex and modified Tarlov score; the tissues of corresponding segments of spinal cord L-L and sciatic nerve were taken; the expression of RhoA gene was detected by real-time PCR and the expression of RhoA protein was detected by Western Blot. RESULTS: ① Toe tension reflex and modified Tarlov score: at 1, 2 and 4 weeks, the scores in the model control group were lower than those in the normal control group (all <0.01). The scores in the subgroup of nerve mobilization group, EA group and EA plus nerve mobilization group were higher than those in the model control group (all <0.01), and the scores in the subgroup of EA plus nerve mobilization group were higher than those in the nerve mobilization group and the EA group (all <0.01); the recovery was the best at 4 weeks. ② The mRNA and protein expression of RhoA: in segment of spinal cord, at 1, 2 and 4 weeks, the expression in the model control group was higher than that in the normal control group (all <0.01). The expression in the subgroup of nerve mobilization group, EA group and EA plus nerve mobilization group was lower than that in the model control group (all <0.01), and the expression in the subgroup of EA plus nerve mobilization group was lower than that in the nerve mobilization group and the EA group (all <0.01); at 1 week and 4 weeks, the expression in the nerve mobilization group was lower than that in the EA group (all <0.01); at 2 weeks, the expression in the nerve mobilization group was higher than that in the EA group (all <0.01). In the sciatic nerve, at 1, 2 and 4 weeks, the expression in the model control group was higher than that in the normal control group (all <0.01). The expression in the subgroup of nerve mobilization group, EA group and EA plus nerve mobilization group was lower than that in the model control group (all <0.01); at 2 weeks and 4 weeks, the expression in the EA plus nerve mobilization group was lower than that in the nerve mobilization group and EA group (all <0.01); at 1 week, the expression in the nerve mobilization group was lower than that in the EA group and EA plus nerve mobilization group (all <0.01), but the differences between the EA group and the EA plus nerve mobilization group were not significant (>0.05); at 2 weeks, the expression in the nerve mobilization group was higher than that in the EA group (all <0.01); at 4 weeks, the expression in the nerve mobilization group was lower than that in the EA group (all <0.01). CONCLUSION The nerve mobilization and EA at "Jiaji" (EX-B 2) points could both promote the repair of injured sciatic nerve, which may be related to the down-regulation of RhoA expression, and the combination of the two methods has better effects.
Acupuncture Points ; Animals ; Chlorophenols ; Electroacupuncture ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Rabbits ; Sciatic Nerve ; injuries ; rhoA GTP-Binding Protein

BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the predominant cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. This study evaluated the sporicidal activities of several disinfectants against C. difficile spores. METHODS: We used toxigenic C. difficile strains with different ribotypes for our study. We compared the sporicidal activities of Cavicide (Metrex Research Corporation, USA), Cidex OPA (Advanced Sterilization Products, USA), 1% Rely+On Virkon (Dupont, UK), 0.25% Surfanios (Laboratoires Anios, France), sodium hypochlorite (Yuhan Clorox, Korea), and 70% ethyl alcohol (Duksan, Korea) by using dilution-neutralization method. The sporicidal activity of the disinfecting agents was considered to be the inactivation factor (IF). The IF was calculated as the log10 colony forming unit (CFU) reduction of the viable count from the initial inoculums. Disinfectants were considered to be sporicidal if they showed an IF> or =4. RESULTS: Cavicide, 70% ethyl alcohol, Rely+On Virkon, and Surfanios showed no reduction in spore counts at all exposure time. Solutions of sodium hypochlorite diluted 1:100 (> or =400 ppm available chlorine), 1:50, and 1:20 were sporicidal after 5 min, 2 min, and 30 s, respectively. Cidex OPA showed sporicidal activity after 30 min. CONCLUSION: To prevent the transmission of CDI, at least 1,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution should be used to disinfect the hospital environment. Contaminated endoscopes should be disinfected with Cidex OPA for more than 30 min.
Chlorophenols ; Clostridium ; Clostridium difficile ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Diarrhea ; Disinfectants ; Endoscopes ; Ethanol ; Glutaral ; Peroxides ; Ribotyping ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Spores ; Stem Cells ; Sterilization ; Sulfuric Acids