PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare 1% chlorhexidine-gluconate/61% ethanol (CHG/Ethanol) emollient and 7.5% povidone-iodine (PVI) scrub for antimicrobial,residual effect, and skin condition. METHOD: CHG/Ethanol emollient hand hygiene was performed waterless, and brushless by operating doctors and nurses (N=20). PVI hand washing was performed with water and a brush (N=20) for 5 min. The subjects were asked to press their left hand in hand-shaped agar before a surgical scrub, immediately after a surgical scrub and after the operation. The amount of isolated microorganisms were calculated by counting the number of divided areas(1 X 1 cm, 160 cell) which were culture positive in the hand culture plate. The skin condition was evaluated. RESULT: The antimicrobial count of CHG/Ethanol emollient and PVI immediately post surgical scrub was 0.0 vs. 4.1 (p>.05), and after the operation was 0.1 vs. 37.8 (p>.05)respectively. The Residual effect of CHG/Ethanol emollient immediately post surgical scrub and after the operation were 0.0 vs. 0.1 (p>.05), and PVI were 4.1 vs. 37.8 (p>.05)respectively. The skin condition and satisfaction of CHG/Ethanol emollient was higher than PVI (p<.05). CONCLUSION: The antimicrobial effect between CHG/Ethanol emollient and PVI were the same. Considering skin condition, satisfaction and allergic reaction CHG/Ethanol emollient for surgical scrub is recommended in Korea.
Adult ; Anti-Infective Agents/*pharmacology ; Chlorhexidine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/pharmacology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Ethanol/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Female ; Handwashing ; Humans ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Povidone-Iodine/chemistry/*pharmacology

The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of modified nonequilibrium plasma with chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), and to evaluate the biosecurity of modified nonequilibrium plasma with 2% CHX as a new method of root canal treatment. Tissue samples taken from human gingiva were primarily cultured and passaged. Cells from passages 3-7 were used. HGFs were treated by modified nonequilibrium plasma with 2% CHX for 0 min (control group), 30 s, 1 min, 1.5 min, 3 min, 5 min, and 10 min, respectively, and then they were incubated for 0, 24, and 48 h. After that, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was applied to analyze the cytotoxicity of modified nonequilibrium plasma with 2% CHX on HGFs. There was no significant difference between the 0 h group treated with the modified nonequilibrium plasma for 1 min and the control group (P>0.05). However, there were significant differences between all the other treated groups and the control group (P<0.05). When treated for 1.5 min or shorter, the cell viability was obviously increased; while treated for 3 min or longer, it was obviously reduced. Moreover, when successively cultured for 0, 24, and 48 h, cell viability was decreased at first and then increased in the 3-min-treated and 5-min-treated groups. The modified nonequilibrium plasma with 2% CHX was of no influence on cell viability in 1.5 min treatment, and it could be safely used on root canal treatment.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local ; adverse effects ; toxicity ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Chlorhexidine ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; toxicity ; Fibroblasts ; drug effects ; Gingiva ; cytology ; Humans ; Plasma ; chemistry ; Root Canal Therapy ; instrumentation ; methods

INTRODUCTIONThe surgeon uses different methods of surgical hand antisepsis with the aim of reducing surgical site infections. To date, there are no local studies comparing the efficacy of iodine hand scrub against newer alcohol-based hand rubs with active ingredients. Our pilot study compares a traditional aqueous hand scrub using 7.5% Povidone iodine (PVP-I) against a hand rub using Avagard: 61% ethyl alcohol, 1% chlorhexidine gluconate. The outcome measure is the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU) cultured from 10-digit fingertip imprints on agar plates.

MATERIALS AND METHODSTen volunteers underwent 2 hand preparation protocols, with a 30-minute interval in between-Protocol A (3-minute of aqueous scrub using PVP-I) and Protocol B (3-minute of hand rub, until dry, using Avagard). In each protocol, fingertip imprints were obtained immediately after hand preparation (t(0)). The volunteers proceeded to don sterile gloves and performed specific tasks (suturing). At one hour, the gloves were removed and a second set of imprints was obtained (t(1)).

RESULTSFour sets of fingertip imprints were obtained. All 10 participants complied with the supervised hand preparation procedures for each protocol. CFUs of initial fingertip imprints (t(0)): The median CFU counts for initial imprint was significantly higher in the PVP-I treatment (median = 6, Inter Quartile Range (IQR) = 33) compared to the Avagard treatment (median = 0, IQR = 0, P <0.001). CFUs of fingertip imprint at 1 hour (t(1)): The median CFU counts for second imprint (t(1)) was significantly higher in the PVP-I treatment (median = 0.5, IQR = 11) compared to the Avagard treatment (median = 0, IQR = 0, P = 0.009). Our results suggest that the Avagard was more efficacious than aqueous PVP-I scrub at reducing baseline colony counts and sustaining this antisepsis effect.

CONCLUSIONAlcohol hand rub with an active compound, demonstrated superior efficacy in CFU reduction. Based on our results, and those pooled from other authors, we suggest that alcohol-based hand rubs could be included in the operating theatre as an alternative to traditional surgical scrub for surgical hand antisepsis.

Alcohols ; administration & dosage ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local ; administration & dosage ; Antisepsis ; methods ; Chlorhexidine ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; Cohort Studies ; Hand ; microbiology ; Hand Disinfection ; methods ; Humans ; Pilot Projects ; Povidone-Iodine ; administration & dosage ; Singapore

OBJECTIVETo investigate the microbiological changes of subgingival microbials in patients with gingivitis and wearing fixed orthodontic appliances.

METHODS48 subjects (10 to 17 years old) with gingivitis, and wearing fixed orthodontic appliances, were divided randomly into three groups (placebo, NS and CH). Placebo group had normal saline mouthrinse; only and no oral hygiene instruction (OHI). The NS group had OHI and normal saline mouthrinse; The CH group had OHI and 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse. Bacterial examinations were carried out on baseline, one week, one month and three months after scaling. The bacterial examination was carried out. The percentage of coccus, bacillus and spirochete was calculated.

RESULTSIn placebo group and NS group, the percentage of coccus increased up to the third examination then dropped down. The spirochete's percentage changed inversely. CH group maintained an increasing trend in coccus' percentage and decreasing trend in spirochete's percentage. The percentage changes of coccus and bacillus between placebo group and CH group are statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSDuring the three-month examination, the CH group had better microbiologic change than the other two groups.

Adolescent ; Child ; Chlorhexidine ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; Female ; Gingivitis ; microbiology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion ; microbiology ; therapy ; Mouthwashes ; Orthodontic Appliances ; Orthodontics, Corrective ; adverse effects ; methods ; Periodontal Attachment Loss ; microbiology ; prevention & control ; Periodontal Diseases ; microbiology ; prevention & control ; Periodontal Pocket ; microbiology ; pathology ; Spirochaetales ; isolation & purification ; Spirochaetales Infections ; microbiology