No abstract available.
Chlorhexidine ; Sodium ; Sodium Hypochlorite

No abstract available.
Chlorhexidine* ; Guided Tissue Regeneration*

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are a common complication of prolonged hospital stay, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of daily chlorhexidine bathing in reducing HCAIs in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methodology: This is a randomized controlled, observer-blinded study conducted over a 6-month period. Included were 2 months to 18-year-old patients admitted to the PICU, randomly assigned to daily bathing with 2% chlorhexidine or to the standard practice of bathing with plain soap and water. Primary outcome was the incidence of HCAI in each group. Results: A total of 50 patients were enrolled in the study. Overall incidence of HCAI was lower in the chlorhexidine group compared to the control group (12% versus 36%, RR=0.33, 95% CI 0.10 – 1.09, p=0.047). Incidence density rate was lower in the chlorhexidine group (5.91 versus 21.03 infections per 1000 person-days, p=0.049). Ventilator-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infections were lower in the chlorhexidine group, but results were not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in mortality rates and length of hospital stay. One adverse event of transient rash occurred in the chlorhexidine group. Conclusion Daily chlorhexidine bathing may be more effective in reducing HCAIs in the PICU compared to standard care.
Chlorhexidine ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric

BACKGROUND: Repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment caused bone loss around implant fixtures due to the new formation of biologic width of the mucosal-implant barrier. The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate whether the repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment cause bone loss clinically and the effect of cleansing methods on a bone loss during the early healing period. METHODS: A total 50 implants were installed in 20 patients and repeated dis/re-connection of abutment was performed at the time of surgery and once per week for 12 weeks. 0.9% normal saline solution as group1 and 0.1% chlorhexidine solution as group 2 was used to clean abutments. All patients had radiographs taken at the placement of implant and 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. The data for bone loss around implant were analyzed. RESULTS: The marginal bone loss at 12 weeks were 1.28+/-0.51mm, 1.32+/-0.57mm in the mesial and distal sides in group1, 1.94+/-0.75mm, 1.81+/-0.84mm in group 2, respectively. In view of marginal bone loss, there was not a significant statistical difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment may not cause marginal bone loss around implant fixture although limited samples and short-term observation period. In spite of more bone loss in group 2, there was no statistical significant difference between groups. In context of those results, the clinical significance of the repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment and the cleansing method of abutments is debatable when it comes to marginal bone loss during early healing period.
Alveolar Bone Loss ; Chlorhexidine ; Humans ; Sodium Chloride

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the penetration depth of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) into root dentinal tubules and the influence of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty freshly extracted anterior teeth were decoronated and instrumented using Mtwo rotary files up to size 40, 4% taper. The samples were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10), that is, conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) and PUI. CHX was mixed with Rhodamine B dye and was used as the final irrigant. The teeth were sectioned at coronal, middle and apical levels and viewed under CLSM to record the penetration depth of CHX. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: The mean penetration depths of 2% CHX in coronal, middle and apical thirds were 138 microm, 80 microm and 44 microm in CSI group, respectively, whereas the mean penetration depths were 209 microm, 138 microm and 72 microm respectively in PUI group. Statistically significant difference was present between CSI group and PUI group at all three levels (p < 0.01 for coronal third and p < 0.001 for middle and apical thirds. On intragroup analysis, both groups showed statistically significant difference among three levels (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Penetration depth of 2% CHX into root dentinal tubules is deeper in coronal third when compared to middle and apical third. PUI aided in deeper penetration of 2% CHX into dentinal tubules when compared to conventional syringe irrigation at all three levels.
Chlorhexidine* ; Dentin* ; Rhodamines ; Syringes ; Tooth ; Ultrasonics

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the penetration depth of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) into root dentinal tubules and the influence of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty freshly extracted anterior teeth were decoronated and instrumented using Mtwo rotary files up to size 40, 4% taper. The samples were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10), that is, conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) and PUI. CHX was mixed with Rhodamine B dye and was used as the final irrigant. The teeth were sectioned at coronal, middle and apical levels and viewed under CLSM to record the penetration depth of CHX. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: The mean penetration depths of 2% CHX in coronal, middle and apical thirds were 138 microm, 80 microm and 44 microm in CSI group, respectively, whereas the mean penetration depths were 209 microm, 138 microm and 72 microm respectively in PUI group. Statistically significant difference was present between CSI group and PUI group at all three levels (p < 0.01 for coronal third and p < 0.001 for middle and apical thirds. On intragroup analysis, both groups showed statistically significant difference among three levels (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Penetration depth of 2% CHX into root dentinal tubules is deeper in coronal third when compared to middle and apical third. PUI aided in deeper penetration of 2% CHX into dentinal tubules when compared to conventional syringe irrigation at all three levels.
Chlorhexidine* ; Dentin* ; Rhodamines ; Syringes ; Tooth ; Ultrasonics

Because the oral mucositis is often inevitable in acute leukemia patients during chemotherapy, the efforts must be made to keep these leuekmia patients from oral mucositis. So we tried to develop two oral care protocols for reducing the level of oral mucositis during cytotoxic therapy through literature review and our clinical experience. This quasi-experimental study was performed to compare the prohpylatic value of these oral care protocols. Thirty-seven subjects were assigned to one of three groups. The first group performed bivon-normal saline gargling protocol, the second group performed chlorhexidine gargling protocol, and the last contrast group kept traditional gargling protocol, The Oral Assessment Guide(OAG), the Beck's perception of oral comfort, and the discomfort of oral gargling solution were used to assess oral status and subject's oral discomfort during chemotherapy. Each subjects were observed daily from the start of the chemotherapy until Absolute Nertrophil Count (ANC) reached 1,000/mm3. It continued about 2-4 weeks. The data were analyzed by ANCOVA and Kruskal-Wallis oneway ANOVA. The results were as follows : The control group showed significantly highest mean score of the OAG and Beck's perception of oral discomfort among three groups. However the mean score of OAG and Beck's perception of oral discomfort were not significantly different, the bivon saline group showed significantly lowest mean scores among three groups. In conclusion, we recommend that nurses who care acute leukemia patients use bivon-normal saline gargling protocol to reduce the level of oral mucositis during chemotherapy.
Chlorhexidine* ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Leukemia* ; Stomatitis*

PURPOSE: This study compared the effect of two oral care agents on preventing stomatitis and discomfort for acute leukemic patients. METHODS: A total of forty patients was enrolled and randomly assigned to sodium bicarbonate or chlorhexidine group. WHO oral toxicity scale was used for measuring stomatitis and Beck's subjective oral discomfort scale for evaluating oral comfort. Data was collected from August 2009 to February 2010. The data was analyzed using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Data analyzed was thirty five one. The incidence of stomatitis was 47.4%, 68.8% in sodium bicarbonate and chlohexidine group respectively. The onset of stomatitis was about the 10th and 9th day after chemotherapy initiation, and the duration was 8.0 and 8.67 day respectively. The severity of stomatitis was highest on the 21st day after chemotherapy initiation. There were no statistical differences in the status of stomatitis and the levels of oral comfort during treatment periods. CONCLUSION: Nurses should routinely assess oral cavity and encourage patients to do oral care actively from second to third week after chemotherapy initiation. Also sodium bicarbonate agent can be recommended to for preventing stomatitis.
Chlorhexidine ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mouth ; Sodium Bicarbonate ; Stomatitis

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of 2% chlorhexidine gel associated with 8% papain gel in comparison with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in bovine pulp tissue dissolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety bovine pulps of standardized sizes were used and fragmented into 5-mm sizes. The fragments were removed from the root middle third region. They were divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 15), 1) 8% papain; 2) 2% chlorhexidine; 3) 2% chlorhexidine associated with 8% papain; 4) 0.9% saline solution; 5) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; and 6) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. The pulp fragments were weighed and put into immobile test tubes for dissolution for time intervals of 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. RESULTS: The 5.25% sodium hypochlorite had greater dissolution potential than the pure papain, and when associated with chlorhexidine, both promoted greater dissolution than did the saline solution and 2% chlorhexidine groups (p < 0.05). The 2.5% sodium hypochlorite promoted dissolution to a lesser extent than the groups with papain within a period of 30 min (p < 0.05), but, was comparable to the saline solution and chlorhexidine. After 120 min, the 2.5% and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite promoted dissolution of 100% of the pulp fragments, and papain, 61%, while chlorhexidine associated with papain and chlorhexidine alone dissolved only 55% and 3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The 8% papain in gel, both alone and in association with chlorhexidine, was able to dissolve bovine pulp tissue, but to a lesser extent than did 5.25% sodium hypochlorite.
Chlorhexidine* ; Endodontics ; Papain* ; Sodium Chloride ; Sodium Hypochlorite

PURPOSE: To report 4 cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis related to orthokeratology lens overnight wear. METHODS: Four patients had histories of overnight orthkeratology lens wear of 10 months to 3 years when they presented with corneal ulcers. RESULTS: The organism isolated by corneal scraping was Aanthamoeba. The patients were treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), and chlorhexidine, resulting in a resolution of ocular inflammation. CONCLUSION: The risk of Acanthamoeba keratitis as a potential complication of overnight orthkeratology should be considered.
Acanthamoeba Keratitis* ; Acanthamoeba* ; Chlorhexidine ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Ulcer