The study consist of 134 neonatal pneumonia who under 28 days born addmitted to The Neonatal department of National Institute of Peadiatrics from December 2001 to November 2002. The out comes showed that: Positive rate: 71.15%, negative rate: 29.85%. Common isolated bacteria were negative Gram. Ampicillin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol bactrim have resistance antibiotic. The recovered treatment result: 90.3%; mortality: 9.7% in which 61.2% are fully recovered without change other antibiotic. The average treatment duration by antibiotic:13.2%
Pneumonia ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Chloramphenicol

This study was aimed to assess the dissolution of 4 chloramphenicol capsule products of 4 Vietnamese pharmaceutical enterprises. The results showed that most of them have a very low drug release degree. The cause may be resulted from making capsule without making particles, too raw powder, using too much insoluble excipient, too high rate of insoluble excipient. The dissolution test should be considered an item of chloramphenicol capsule specification
Chloramphenicol ; Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic ; Capsules ; drugs

Background/Objective: Haemophilus influenzae type b remains to be a significant etiology of invasive infections specially in children two months to five years old without Hib vaccination. This study was performed to compare the cure rates of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin-chloramphenicol combination and third generation cephalosporins as initial antibiotic treatments for documented invasive Hib infections. This study may assist in formulating recommendations on empiric antimicrobial therapy. Methods: Charts of patients with invasive Hib disease confirmed either by blood culture, CSF culture and/or latex agglutination test from January 1991 to August 2010 were reviewed. Cases were classified into four groups depending on the initial antibiotic given upon admission. The four groups were compared and analyzed in terms of cure rates. Results The disease occurred predominantly in children less than two years old. Males were more frequently affected than females. All subjects were not given Hib vaccination. Cure rates were significantly different between ampicillin (33%) and chloramphenicol (89%) groups (p=0.017), and between chloramphenicol (89%) and ampicillin-chloramphenicol (39%) groups (p=0.008). However, cure rates were not significantly different when third generation cephalosporin group (62%) was compared to the other treatment groups (p>0.05). Resistance of Hib was 31% to ampicillin, while <10% to chloramphenicol and third generation cephalosporins. Conclusion: Chloramphenicol is an excellent drug for empiric therapy in highly suspected or proven cases of invasive Hib disease.
Ampicillin ; Chloramphenicol ; Third Generation Cephalosporins ; Haemophilus influenzae

Protermycin, the first molecular synthetic of tetracycline and chloramphenicol, has been given trial in 28 patients: acute gonococcal urethritis 10, nongonococcal urethritis 7, acute cystitis 6, chancroid 1 and postoperative cases 4. The doses ranged from 300 to 600 me daily. From this study, it was found that Protermycin proved itself to be most effective in nongonococcal urethritis which could not be treated satisfactorily by other antibiotics. Of 28 cases, 25 showed good result. The remaining 3 cases failed to respond.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Chancroid ; Chloramphenicol ; Cystitis ; Humans ; Tetracycline ; Urethritis

Microorganisms are the dominant players driving the degradation and transformation of chloramphenicol (CAP) in the environment. However, little bacterial strains are able to efficiently degrade and mineralize CAP, and the CAP degrading pathways mediated by oxidative reactions remain unclear. In this study, a highly efficient CAP-degrading microbial consortium, which mainly consists of Rhodococcus (relative abundance >70%), was obtained through an enrichment process using CAP-contaminated activated sludge as the inoculum. A bacterial strain CAP-2 capable of efficiently degrading CAP was isolated from the consortium and identified as Rhodococcus sp. by 16S rRNA gene analysis. Strain CAP-2 can efficiently degrade CAP under different nutrient conditions. Based on the biotransformation characteristics of the detected metabolite p-nitrobenzoic acid and the reported metabolites p-nitrobenzaldehyde and protocatechuate by strain CAP-2, a new oxidative pathway for the degradation of CAP was proposed. The side chain of CAP was oxidized and broken to generate p-nitrobenzaldehyde, which was further oxidized to p-nitrobenzoic acid. Strain CAP-2 can be used to further study the molecular mechanism of CAP catabolism, and has the potential to be used in in situ bioremediation of CAP-contaminated environment.
Biodegradation, Environmental ; Chloramphenicol ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics* ; Rhodococcus/genetics* ; Sewage

Cancer resistance to treatment ; Peninsular Malaysia ; Tetracyclines ; Salmonella typhi ; Chloramphenicol

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a major cause of meningitis and pneumonia in children. In Papua New Guinea (PNG) more than 20% of Hib are now resistant to chloramphenicol, and resistant Hib meningitis treated with chloramphenicol results in certain death or severe brain injury. Third-generation cephalosporins are a therapeutic option but are very expensive, while the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine would provide effective prevention. In a province of 380,000 people, using ceftriaxone as standard treatment for meningitis in all health facilities would only save an estimated 8 more lives per year than using chloramphenicol, and cost US dollars 1514 per additional life saved. Introduction of Hib vaccine would save, each year, 61 more lives than using chloramphenicol and 53 more lives than using ceftriaxone for meningitis treatment. The cost of a vaccination strategy for Hib meningitis would be US dollars 1216 for each of the 61 additional lives saved. Hib vaccine would be by far the most effective intervention to reduce mortality and severe neurological disability from Hib meningitis in PNG. Nationwide introduction of Hib vaccine is urgently needed, as antibiotics are now less effective in this disease than ever before.
Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria ; Meningitis ; Vaccines ; Chloramphenicol ; Prevention

Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) is a rickettsian febrile disease which is seldom found in pregnancy. A 28-year-old woman was infected with scrub typhus at the 22th week of gestation which was diagnosed on the basis of clinical features. A serology for Tsutsugamushi was negative at that time. Therapy with tetracycline (doxycycline) or chloramphenicol is currently recommended for the treatment. However these drugs which are class D drugs according to the USA FDA, and Fetal Risk Summary, should not be used to treat pregnant women. Recently azithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic, has been proven to be more effective than doxycycline. Moreover, there is no evidence that azithromycin causes harm to the developing fetus or to children. Here we describe a pregnant patient with Tsutsugamushi disease who was treated successfully with azithromycin without complications.
Adult ; Azithromycin ; Child ; Chloramphenicol ; Doxycycline ; Female ; Fetus ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women* ; Scrub Typhus* ; Tetracycline

In Korean, there has been an increasing concern on rickettsiosis as a possile common cause of unknown febrile illness since Tsutsugamushi fever among koreans was reported first in 1986. We experienced 10 cases of Tsutsugamushi fever ocurring in the Mokpo area during the period of 3 months (Oct, to Dcc.) in 1990, which were diagnosed clinically and serologically by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. The following results were obtained. The most frequent symptoms were fever (100%), headache (90%), chill (60%), conjunctival injection, and lymphadenopathy. Common laboratory findings were leukopenia (WBC<5000/mm3 30%), elevated ESR (>20mm/hr, 30%), positive CRP (60%), and elevated Alt/AST. Antibody titers against R. tsutsugamushi ranged from 1:80 to 1:1,280, but they showed no antibody reaction to Hantaan virus and leptospira. All patients showed good response to antibiotic therapy with chloramphenicol.
Chloramphenicol ; Fever ; Hantaan virus ; Headache ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do ; Leptospira ; Leukopenia ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Scrub Typhus*

Live Vibrio vulnificus is highly cytotoxic to host cells in vivo and in vitro. The two most representative cytotoxins, cytolytic hemolysin and elastolytic protease, have been regarded to play major roles in the cytotoxicity of V. vulnificus. To further determine roles of the two cytotoxins in V. vulnificus pathogenesis, we constructed a double mutant of vvhA and vvpE genes, encoding a hemolysin and a protease, respectively. However, the cytotoxicity and the LD50 of a vvhA/vvpE double mutant showed no significant difference from those of the isogenic wild type strain. From these results, we came to speculate that yet unidentified, key cytotoxic factors should play a major role in the cytotoxic activity of V. vulnificus. The HeLa cells encountered with V. vulnificus became rounded, following detachment from the bottom of culture plate, and were killed eventually. However, the bacterial culture supernatant did not show any effect on the morphology and viability of HeLa cells. Also, no cytotoxicity could be noted when V. vulnificus was not allowed to contact with HeLa cells in the TranswellR system. Chloramphenicol, at lower concentration than minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), decreased the cytotoxicity of a vvhA/vvpE double mutant to HeLa cells in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that close encounter of V. vulnificus with host cells is a prerequisite to the cytotoxicity and that a yet unidentified virulence factor (s) should play an important role in the contact-dependent cytotoxicity.
Chloramphenicol ; Cytotoxins ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Vibrio vulnificus ; Virulence*