Purpose: The purpose of the study was to establish baseline data for amplitude of accommodation (AA) measured using both subjective and objective techniques in students at a private Malaysian university. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted including 34 healthy participants with a mean age of 22.26 ± 1.88 years. AA was measured using dynamic retinoscopy and the push-up, pull-away, modified push-up, and minus-lens techniques. Results: The mean AA scores for the push-up, pull-away, minus-lens, and modified push-up techniques and dynamic retinoscopy were 11.38 ± 2.03, 10.35 ± 1.64, 9.24 ± 1.18, 8.26 ± 1.44, and 7.2 ± 1.0 diopters, respectively. No AA measurements showed significant difference among ethnicities (Chinese, Malay, and Indian). This study suggested that AA obtained using push-up (p = 0.005) and pull-away (p = 0.017) methods and dynamic retinoscopy (p = 0.041) were significantly different according to sex. No significant difference was observed in AA for the minus-lens (p = 0.051) and modified push-up (p = 0.216) techniques by sex. A moderately negative correlation was found between AA and age for the push-up (r = -0.434, p = 0.010), pull-away (r = -0.412, p = 0.016), and minus-lens (r = -0.509, p = 0.002) techniques and dynamic retinoscopy (r = -0.497, p = 0.003). A weak negative correlation was found between age and AA measured using a modified push-up technique (r = -0.393, p = 0.022). Conclusions Mean AA was highest for the push-up technique, followed by the pull-away technique, the minus- lens technique, the modified push up technique, and dynamic retinoscopy. The push-up and pull-away methods and dynamic retinoscopy showed a significant difference in measurement of AA between sexes.

AIM: To determine the status of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies(NSBVA)among students of a Malaysian private university uses visual display units(VDU).

METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among university students who use VDU 3h or more from January 2019 to May 2019. A convenient sampling method was utilized. All subjects had gone through primary eye-examinations to satisfy the inclusion criteria. Those who satisfy the inclusion criteria, further gone through the NSBVA assessment. The descriptive analysis was done to rule out the percentage of NSBVA and Chi-square test of independence was carried out to observe the association of NSBVA with age, gender and hours of VDU usage.

RESULTS: A total of 140 students including 88 females(62.9%)and 52 males(37.1%)participated in this study. The mean age of the participants was 22.54±1.48 years and the mean VDU usage hours were 5.76±2.49h. The percentage of NSBVA is 40% among the students those who use VDU. The occurrence of accommodative and vergence anomalies among the VDU users is 17.86% and 22.14% respectively. There was a moderate association between gender and NSBVA(P=0.010). However, there was no significant association observed for age(P=0.334)and hours of VDU usage(P=0.835)with NSBVA.

CONCLUSION: NSBVA is 40% among the students of a Malaysian private university uses VDU. Accommodation insufficiency(15%)and convergence insufficiency(10%)is more common among all NSBVA for VDU users.

To determine the effects of ChromaGen blue filter lens in reading speed, accuracy and contrast sensitivity