Jinagsu Province is one of the provinces with high incidence of poliomyelitis historically. Eradication of poliomyelitis in the province had experienced five stages as follows: (1) Stage before administration of oral polio vaccines (OPV) (1956～1960); (2) Beginning of OPV administration (1961～1969); (3) Extensive administration of OPV (1970～1978); (4) Implementation of expanded program on immunization (EPI) (1979～1989) and (5)Eradication of poliomyelitis (1990～1999). While reviewing the adopted strategies in the process of polio eradication, two points should be emphasized: (1) To raise the OPV immunization coverage rate unceasingly. After carrying out in Jiangsu Province the EPI, we have taken steps to strengthen the construction of cold chain and to standardize the vaccination in clinics, thus to ensure the vaccination quatity. Based on routine polio vaccination, still we carried out supplementary vaccination to establish an effective immune barrier among the population; (2) To strengthen the AFP surveillance. The AFP surveillance system had been established in 1991 in Jiangsu Province, the various surveillance indexes now has reached every requirements for proving no polio virus exists. In the course of surveillance, we pursued a case-reporting encouragement system and an active AFP searching at regular intervals to strengthen AFP case reporting and surveillance. Since 1993, there was no wild-type polio virus found. To summarize and evaluate the strategies for poliomyelitis eradication not only can consolidate the achievements of the work but also can provide reference in controlling other viral diseases.

Using RT-PCR, we can detect measles virus hemagglutinin gene (H gene) of 635bp length directly from measles vaccine strain Shanghai-191, Edmonston strain, nasopharyngeal aspirates and throat swabs of the measles patients. The primers of RT-PCR based on H gene sequence of measles virus did not give the same products from rubella virus and influenza viruses (A1, A3, B). By second PCR amplification, the minimum quantity of measles virus required to give a positive signal was<0.01TCID50. Since the IgM antibody positive rate in early stage of measles patients is always low, the specificity and sensitivity of RT-PCR method may help diagnosing measles cases.

We analyzed the surveillance data of measles from January 1999 to October 2000 in Jiangxi Province for the aim of measles control. The results showed that 3*!184 measles cases were reported from the province and 1 reported case died. Most of the reported measles cases were under 15 years old. The incidence of measles in age group between 7-10 years old was higher than that in other age groups and most of the reported cases having vaccination histroy were 4-10 year old children. Both the sporadic and epidemic measles in some districts existed at the same time and the reported measles cases extensively distributed in all districts of Jiangxi Province. The outbreaks of measles in some districts had affected the morbidity of measles of the whole province To prevent and control measles outbreak are the main effective measures to control this disease.

Objectives To understand the vaccination situation of left-behind children in rural areas,provide the evidence for developing vaccination strategies for left-behind children.Methods The counties with population over 1,000,000 were selected from Anhui and Sichuan provinces respectively to conduct survery to the children who were born between the year 2003 and 2006,and had registration on vaccination book(card).Results The proportion of left-behind and outflow children are 17.94% and 6.05% respectively.The information about the children’s parents going out most came from village doctors. The proportion of the parents going out after children born was 51.60%,staying outside for more than 10 months was 78.50%. 67.97% pareets came back home during the spring festival,35.43% left-behind children went out with their parents.Conclusion Although the number of outflow children was smaller than the left-behind children,it was easy to develop immunization gap. It is the difficult part of management on EPI to migraut children. The information aboat the children’s parents going out mostly came from village doctors. It is impotant to mobilize the enthusiasm of doctors.It is especially essential that we should propagandize to the people with vaccination knowledge to the pareets came back home during spring festival.

Objective To compare the safety and immunogenicity between domestic and imported,imported and imported split influenza virus vaccine in Chinese population. Methods The published studies during January 1996 and June 2008 on the comparison between split influenza virus vaccine were screened and evaluated.The meta analysis was performed on safety and immunogenicity using fixed model or random model according the heterogeneity of the studies. Results 12 studies which were all random controlled trials between split vaccine were included.10 trials were between domestic and imported vaccine,and 2 trials were between imported and imported vaccine.For 10 domestic and imported vaccine trials,the local reaction pooled OR=0.81,95% CI (0.59,1.11);the systemic reaction the pooled OR=0.78,95% CI (0.50,1.03);the H1N1 subtype seroconversion pooled OR= 0.94,95% CI (0.78,1.14);the H3N2 subtype seroconversion pooled OR =1.01,95% CI (0.87,1.17);the B type seroconversion total OR= 1.35,95% CI (0.98,1.85).For 2 imported and imported vaccine trials,the local reaction pooled OR = 1.19,95% CI (0.60,2.37);the systemic reaction the pooled OR =1.15,95% CI (0.71,1.87);the H1N1 subtype seroconversion pooled OR= 1.27,95% CI (0.37,4.37);the H3N2 subtype seroconversion pooled OR= 1.29,95% CI (0.39,4.33);the B type seroconversion pooled OR= 0.95,95% CI (0.46,1.37). Conclusions There were no statistical difference on the safety and immunogenicity between domestic and imported,imported and imported split influenza vaccine in Chinese population.

Objective To know the status of Immunization program in Zhejiang Province.Methods The investigation on immunization program in zhejiang province was conducted,and the SWOT analysis was corducted to make a comprehensive evaluation.Results 11 citys,22 counties and 44 towns were investigated in this study,and the current immunization program in Zhejiang province were explored by SWOT analysis.Conclusion The SWOT Matrix,includes SO(strength-opportunity),ST(strength-threat),WO(weakness-opportunity)and WT(weakness-threat)can apply to make optimal strategy for the development of expanded program on immunization.

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is a pathogen exclusively found in humans. It causes a wide range of infections from the upper respiratory tract to serious invasive diseases. Such as pneumonia, septicemia and meningitis. Strains of Hi are usually classif ied into six serotypes a to f and nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHI) according to the antigenicities and compositions of their polysaccharide capsules. Hib was a common cause of serious infections in younger children. The polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines against Hib had almost eliminated H. influenzae as a cause of pediatric meningitis. However, NTHI remains an important pathogen, particularly in children and the elderly. Efforts to understand and control NTHI disease have been hampered by the diversity of these bacteria. This review introduced the study progress about pathogenic mechanism of NTHI. In order to provide the help for development of vaccine, clinic treatment and prevent the occurrence of diseases causing by NTHI.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) structurally mimic the authentic virus whereas contain no viral genome. VLPs technique plays an important role in basic research such as virus assembly and virus morphology diversity. With special immunology properties, VLPs vaccine can induce immune response effectively. VLPs can act as adjuvant by regulating dendritic cells. Other adjuvant or polypeptide can be integrated into VLPs to construct chimeric vaccines. With the capability of packaging nucleic acid or other small molecules, VLPs can be used for vehicles to deliver these substances under suitable conditions. VLPs can substitute natural virus in immunology assay.

105 copies/mL would develop liver-related complications, such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. Available evidences indicate that control of HBV replication with antiviral drugs can decrease the incidence of these complications and mortality.

Objective To know the epidemiological characteristics of rubella case reported in Songyang Couny in 2004, and to know new ways of rubella control. Method To analyze the epidemiology on the rubella cases reported in Songyang Couny in 2004. Results In 2004, 195 rubella cases were reported, and the reported rubella incidence was 84.42/100,000. The rubella cases were mainly primary and middle school students,which were 180 cases. The rubella cases occurred from January to June, and 64.10% cases occurred in April. There were 12 rubella outbreaks with 181 cases in the rural areas. For the immunity history of rebulla vaccine of 181 cases, 48.07% cases were unvaccinated, 51.93% cases were unknown. The immunization coverage rate of rubella vaccine of students in rural areas (20%) was obviously lower than that of students in the urban areas (92%). Conclusion The main reasons of the high rubella incidence in Songyang County in 2004 were the low coverage rate of rubella vaccine and poor living accommodation for the primary and middle school students in the rural areas, and it was effective to adopt comprehensive measures such as emergent vaccination to control rubella outbreak.