Jinagsu Province is one of the provinces with high incidence of poliomyelitis historically. Eradication of poliomyelitis in the province had experienced five stages as follows: (1) Stage before administration of oral polio vaccines (OPV) (1956～1960); (2) Beginning of OPV administration (1961～1969); (3) Extensive administration of OPV (1970～1978); (4) Implementation of expanded program on immunization (EPI) (1979～1989) and (5)Eradication of poliomyelitis (1990～1999). While reviewing the adopted strategies in the process of polio eradication, two points should be emphasized: (1) To raise the OPV immunization coverage rate unceasingly. After carrying out in Jiangsu Province the EPI, we have taken steps to strengthen the construction of cold chain and to standardize the vaccination in clinics, thus to ensure the vaccination quatity. Based on routine polio vaccination, still we carried out supplementary vaccination to establish an effective immune barrier among the population; (2) To strengthen the AFP surveillance. The AFP surveillance system had been established in 1991 in Jiangsu Province, the various surveillance indexes now has reached every requirements for proving no polio virus exists. In the course of surveillance, we pursued a case-reporting encouragement system and an active AFP searching at regular intervals to strengthen AFP case reporting and surveillance. Since 1993, there was no wild-type polio virus found. To summarize and evaluate the strategies for poliomyelitis eradication not only can consolidate the achievements of the work but also can provide reference in controlling other viral diseases.

Using RT-PCR, we can detect measles virus hemagglutinin gene (H gene) of 635bp length directly from measles vaccine strain Shanghai-191, Edmonston strain, nasopharyngeal aspirates and throat swabs of the measles patients. The primers of RT-PCR based on H gene sequence of measles virus did not give the same products from rubella virus and influenza viruses (A1, A3, B). By second PCR amplification, the minimum quantity of measles virus required to give a positive signal was<0.01TCID50. Since the IgM antibody positive rate in early stage of measles patients is always low, the specificity and sensitivity of RT-PCR method may help diagnosing measles cases.

We analyzed the surveillance data of measles from January 1999 to October 2000 in Jiangxi Province for the aim of measles control. The results showed that 3*!184 measles cases were reported from the province and 1 reported case died. Most of the reported measles cases were under 15 years old. The incidence of measles in age group between 7-10 years old was higher than that in other age groups and most of the reported cases having vaccination histroy were 4-10 year old children. Both the sporadic and epidemic measles in some districts existed at the same time and the reported measles cases extensively distributed in all districts of Jiangxi Province. The outbreaks of measles in some districts had affected the morbidity of measles of the whole province To prevent and control measles outbreak are the main effective measures to control this disease.

Diphtheria is an ancient disease.Since the implementation of enhanced program of immunization by WHO in 1978,the global incidence of diphtheria decreased sharply.There were no diphtheria cases reported in recent years in China,but there were still diphtheria cases and outbreak reported in surrounding countries.It is necessary to strengthen the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria in China to prevent the recurrence and for early detection of emergent and imported diphtheria cases.Here in this review,the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria and its progress were summarized.

Objective To know the currently prevalent genotype of rotavirus strains in Ningbo City,which will help to the study of vaccine of group A rotavirus.Methods The VP7 fragments were amplified by RT-PCR and sequence analysis was conducted from 2 of the 11 virus strains.Results VP7 amino acid sequences homogeneity of the two strains Ningbo 06-1 and Ningbo 06-3 was 90.2%.They all shared higher amino acid sequences homogeneity with G1 strain Wa(95.1% and 87.7%,respectively)than with other serotypes(G types)rotavirus(

Objective To analyze the quality of measles breakout events and relative cases in order to offer the integrated,accurate,basic data for infectious disease anticipation and control.Methods Associate the measles breakout events with cases,the cases with organization type,and users'information with breakout events.As a result,the integrated data construct is created in order to analyze the index in detail. Results Measles breakout events substitute ration is 33.93%,measles breakout events without relative cases reporting rate is 12.50%.Relative cases reporting rate in time is 75.51% and substitute ratio is 12.07%.Conclusions There are still many problems in measles breakout events reporting and relative cases reporting.The local CDCs and hospitals should pay much attention to the data quality especially in the infectious disease outbreak and guarantee the data quality through more methods of quality control and evaluation.

Objective To compare the performance of two commercially available ELISA kits for detection of diphtheria IgG antibody to provide data for the proper kit choice. Methods Thirty-three serum samples from staff of the capital airdrome and two standard sera were tested for the evaluation of the kits.Commercial ELISAs were compared with respect to their reproducibility(intra-assay variation and inter-assay variation)and accuracy.Results For the detection of standard serum,intra-assay variation(Coefficient of Variation,CV)was 13.5507% for IBL kit and 5.9541% for Virion kit,the inter-assay variation(CV)was 9.9890% for IBL and 2.4728% for Virion kit.For the serum sample,intra-assay variation(CV)was 14.5270% for IBL and 11.0612% for Virion,the inter-assay variation(CV)11.0039% for IBL and 8.1506% for Virion kit.For the detection of standard serum,inter-assay variation(CV)was 9.9890% for IBL and 2.4728% for Virion.The accuracy was analyzed by variation between the actual concentration and measured concentration of standard serum,the CV was 17.6889% for IBL and 1.3966% for Virion.Conclusion The intra-assay and inter-assay variation of the two kits are generally acceptable(CV

Objective To evaluate protective efficacy of attenuated live hepatitis A vaccine.Methods We searched MEDLINE,EMBASE,CNKI.The randomization,concealment of allocation and blinding were included in the study. Results Meta analysis based on included studies showed that both strain of H2 and L-A-1 attenuated live hepatitis A vaccine had good protective efficacy,the protective efficacy is related to the titer of vaccine.The titer

The introduction of pertussis vaccines has greatly decreased the incidence of pertussis,but pertussis is still one of the most common epidemic diseases responsible for infant and child morbidity and mortality,and is perceived as a serious public health problem in many countries.The advent of acellular vaccines has constituted an important advance in the acceptance of the immunization and consequently the control of the disease.Acellular pertussis vaccines result in fewer adverse reactions compared with whole-cell pertussis vaccines,and the efficacy of acellular vaccines is similar to whole-cell pertussis vaccines.This review summarizes the characteristics of virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis.Acellular pertussis vaccines in term of efficacy,safety,and use are discussed emphatically.

Objective To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of Shigella flexneri 2a conjugate vaccine.Methods A random and double blind study were carried out to compare the safety sero conversion rates and geometric mean titer(GMT)increase of Shigella flexneri 2a conjugate vaccine with phosphate-buffered saline used as control.Results The results showed that no severe systemic and local reaction rates occurred in trial group,which were not statistically significant compared with the control group.The seroconversion rate of both two weeks and twelve weeks after two doses(increased by 4 folds) were 86.27% and 79.74%;for GMT were 1∶361.83 and 1∶326.21 and increased averagely 1.08 and 0.98 times,which showed significant difference with those of the control group.Conclusion Shigella flexneri 2a conjugate vaccine was safe and its immunogenicity was good in group over 2 years old.Trialregistration National food drugs surveillance administrative bureau,"Medicine Clinical Experiment Written directive from a superior"2003L03808 number.