Objective To investigate osteoporosis and its main associated factors in patients with type 2 diabetes (DM). Methods Bone mineral density(BMD)of lumbar vertebrae 2～4 and proximal femur in 40 type 2 diabetic patients were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and compared with control group(30～35 years old). Serum Ca, P, ALP and connective peptide in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were measured. Results The area under the connective peptide releasing curre in osteoporosis group was lower than that of non-osteoporosis in type 2 diabetes. Conclu.sion BMD is correlated with the pancreatic islet function. The patients with pancreatic islet failure develop osteoporosis easily.

Objectives To evaluate the relationship between the expression of B7-1 in liver tissue and the effect of interferon- alpha(α- IFN) treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB).Methods The expression of B7 -1in liver biopsy specimens from 68 CHB patients was studied with immunohistochemistry before α-IFN treatment.Results B7-1 was expressed in 45(66.2%) liver tissues among 68 patients with CHB,but none in 5 normal controls.The total response ratio of α- IFN in patients with B7-1 positive was 66.7%(30/45),which was significantly higherthan 39.1%(9/23)in the patients with B7-1 negative(x2 =7.20,P <0.01).B7-1 expression was closely corelat-ed with the histological activity grade(HAI) and serum alanine transaminase(ALT) level.Conclusions The level of B7-1 expression in liver tissue may be regarded as an effective parameter for predicting α-IFN response in patients with CHB.

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies that are life-treatening to human beings.It ranks the first both in morbidity and mortality of malignant tumors.Early diagnosis,accurate staging,proper treatment and improvement of prognosis are the focuses of related studies in recent years.Imaging diagnosis is the main method for diagnosis of lung cancer.The development of imaging diagnosis and the application of advanced techniques such as CT scan,low-dose helical CT scan,MRI,PET and PET-CT ,play a great role in early diagnosis and staging of lung cancer.Recent researches have demonstrated that ET is one of the most efficient non-invasive methods for diagnosis of lung cancers.However,PET has limitation in precise location of the focus.PET-CT integrates the functions of CT and PET together,and is able to locate the focus precisely.This article mainly reviews the value of PET-CT in the diagnosis of lung cancer.

Non-motor symptoms are an important component of the manifestations of Parkinson's disease(PD);they usually include sleep disorder,neuropsychotic symptoms,autonomic dysfunction,pain,and so on.Non-motor symptoms are multifactorial and mainly involve various non-dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems.These symptoms are not only a result of disease progression,but also can appear in the early stage of the disease,and they can have a major impact on the quality of life.The early notice of these symptoms may lead to better therapeutic strategies and subsequently to the improvement of the quality of life in PD patients.

Objective To provide guide for clinical diagnosis,classification and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder(CKD-MBD).Methods A total of 56 patients with chronic renal insufficiency were divided into three different groups:CKD4 period,CKD5 period and long-term hemodialysis(over 5 years).Their serum calcium,phosphorus,iPTH,bAP,and TRACP levels,and the bone mineral density were examined.Results The incidences of CKD-MBD in the three groups were 36.4%,73.0%,and 87.5%,respectively.High-turnover bone disease accounted for 65.79%,and the low-turnover bone disease accounted for 34.21%.The bAP and TRACP activity was significantly increased in patients with high-turnover bone disease and decreased in those with low-turnover bone disease.Conclusion CKD-MBD is a common complication of patients with chronic renal failure,with the main type being high-turnover bone disease,but the low-turnover bone disease can not be ignored.TRACP and bAP are the sensitive indicators of osteoblasts and osteoclast activity,and they could be used to identify high or low turnover bone disease.TRACP and bAP,together with serum calcium,phosphorus,iPTH,bone mineral density changes,can be used for a comprehensive analysis of bone metabolic state,so as to guide the diagnosis,sub-typing,drug selection and comprehensive treatment of CKD-MBD.

Objective To study the clinical characteristics and the influencing factors of hypertension in IgA nephropathy(IgAN)patients with normal renal function.Methods From 2002 to 2006,a total of 507 idiopathic IgAN patients with normal renal function(eGFR≥90 mL/min)confirmed by renal biopsy were treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.The patients were divided into a hypertension group(n=93)and a normal group(n=414)according to the BP levels.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the relationship between the hypertension and the clinical characteristics.Results We found that 18.3%(93/507)of the IgAN patients had hypertension,with hypertension as the main symptom in some cases.Univariate analysis showed that male sex,older age,higher BMI,elevated level of triglyceride and cholesterol were the clinical risk factors for hypertension in IgAN patients(P