Objective To verify the infantile amnesia phenomenon and discuss the effect of rapamycin injection on infantile amnesia and hippocampal neurogenesis.Methods (1) In experiment one,17-day-old (P17) and 60-day-old (P60) male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=84) were trained in a passive-avoidance task (they were randomly sub-divided into the shocked group and non-shocked group);all rats were tested immediately,2 and 7 days after training for memory retention.(2) In experiment two,P17 rats (n=84) were randomly divided into three groups:vehicle group,20 mg/kg rapamycin group and 40 mg/kg rapamycin group (they were sub-divided into the shocked group and non-shocked group);P17 rats were immediately injected with either vehicle or rapamycin after passive-avoidance training,and memory retention was evaluated 2 and 7 days after training.(3) In experiment three,P1 7 rats (n=48) were randomly divided into four groups:normal group,vehicle group,20 mg/kg rapamycin group and 40 mg/kg rapamycin group;immunofluorescence staining of BrdU/DCX was detected to observe the hippocampal neurogenesis at post-natal day 19 (P19) and post-natal day 24 (P24) after vehicle or rapamycin injection at P17 rats.Results In experiment one,P17 and P60 shocked rats exhibited comparable levels of crossing latencies when being tested immediately (P＞0.05),when being tested after 2 days and 7 days,P17 rats forgot more rapidly than P60 rats (P＜0.05);there were no age-related differences in crossing latencies between the non-shocked groups (P＞0.05).In experiment two,three shocked groups exhibited comparable levels of crossing latencies when being tested 2 days after training (P＞0.05),however,administration of rapamycin could enhance the memory retention 7 days after training;significant differences were noted between the vehicle group and each of the rapamycin treated groups (P＜0.05);there were no dose-related differences in crossing latencies among the non-shocked groups (P＞0.05).In experiment three,less BrdU-positive and BrdU/DCX-positive cells were found in the DG of the hippocampus at 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg rapamycin groups as compared with those in the vehicle group at P19 and P24 rats (P＜0.05).Conclusion The infantile amnesia phenomenon is verified,and rapamycin may enhance the memory retention in infant rats by reducing the hippocampal neurogenesis.

Objective To discuss the impact of target exposure via retrosigmoidal approach in surgical injury based on virtual reality anatomic models.Methods CT and MR imaging data of 15 adult cadaver heads were utilized to establish three-dimensional anatomy models of petrous bone.Surgical routes exposing different targets though retrosigmoidal approach were simulated by selecting osseous landmark points on the calvaria and skull base.Special form and sequence of anatomic structures in different routes were observed.Volumes of anatomic tissues were measured.Results All the surgical routes passed below the transverse sinus and lateral to the cerebellum.Route a exposed the lower cranial nerve and anterior inferior cerebellar artery;when reached the jugular tubercle,the route exposed inferior petrous sinus.Route b exposed the anterior inferior cerebellar artery,labyrinth and facial-acoustic nerve complex.Route c passed the medial to the superior petrous sinus and exposed the facial-acoustic nerve complex;when being arrived at petrous apex,the route exposed the trigeminal nerve,superior cerebellar artery and cavernous sinus.The volumes of the lower cranial nerve,osseous structures,cerebellum and artery were significantly different in models adopted different routes (P＜0.05);the volume of the lower cranial nerve was as follows:route c＞route a＞route b,the volume of osseous structures was as follows:route c ＞route b＞route a,the volume of cerebellum was as follows:route b ＞route a＞route c,and the volume of artery was as follows:route a ＞route c＞route b.Venous structure involved in route a ([68.91 ±1.91] mm3) was larger than that in route c ([248.92±11.26] mm3) with statistical significance (P＜0.05),and route b did not involve venous structure.Conclusions Targets in skull base has significant impaction on the size of anatomic structures involved in the route of retrosigmoidal approach.Relationship between injury and exposure can be evaluated objectively by the volume measurement.

Objective To compare the effects of pure neurolysis or neuromuscular electrical stimulation combined with exercise therapy on brachial plexus palsy rehabilitation,and select an effective solution for the treatment of brachial plexus paralysis.Methods Eighty-six patients with neonatal brachial plexus paralysis,admitted to our hospital from July 2011 to July 2014,were randomly divided into control group (n=42) and observation group (n=44);patients in the control group were treated by simple neurolysis,and those in the observation group were given neuromuscular electrical stimulation therapy for joint movement.The clinical curative effects,scores of Mailett shoulder joint,Gilbert elbow joint and Raimondi hand joint,Gilbert deltoid muscle strength and electromyography examination,nerve conduction block and axon damage situation were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Results (1) The clinical total effective rate of the observation group was 88.64％,which was significantly higher than that of the control group (66.67％,P＜0.05).(2) The scores of Mallett shoulder joint,Gilbert elbow joint and Raimondi hand joint of the two groups after treatment were significantly greater than those before treatment (P＜0.05);and the above scores in the observation group were significantly greater than those in the control group after treatment (P＜0.05).(3) The scores of triangular muscle of children from the two groups after treatment were significantly greater than those before treatment (P＜0.05),and those in the observation group after treatment were significantly greater than those in the control group (P＜0.05).(4) The M wave negative peak area EN showed no significant difference in the two groups before and after treatment (P＞0.05),but the EA and PA levels after treatment in the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment (P＜0.05),and those in the observation group after treatment were significantly higher than those in the control group (P＜0.05);(5)The nerve conduction block and axon damage in the two groups after treatment were significantly less than those before treatment (P＜0.05),and those in the observation group after treatment were significantly less than those in the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion The effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation joint exercise therapy on neonatal brachial plexus paralysis rehabilitation is better than that of pure neurolysis.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on inflammatory responses in patients performed cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at perioperative period,and explore the influencing factors of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in these patients.Methods Eighty patients scheduled for cardiac surgery with CPB at hospital from July 2013 to June 2014 were randomized into control group and DEX group (n=40).Before induction of anesthesia,DEX was administered to the patients from DEX group with a loading dose of 1 μg/kg followed by maintenance dose of 0.5 μg/ (kg·h),while the same dose of normal saline was administered to patients from control group.Before incision (T0),30 min after beginning of CBP (T1),30 min after end of CBP (T2),end of surgery (T3),24 h after end of surgery (T4) and 72 h after end of surgery (T5),venous blood samples from jugular bulb catheters were drawn,and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-αt),interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were determined.One d before operation,3nd,7th,90th and 180th day after operation,the cognitive functions of patients were tested with mini-mental state examination (MMSE),digit span subtest (DSpan),digit symbol subtest (DSy) and trail making test (TMT).The DSpan contained digit span forward subtest (DSpan-F) and digit span reverse subtest (DSpan-R).Results The serum concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-10 in two groups at T1,T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those at T0 (P＜0.05);the serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in DEX group were significantly lower than those in control group (P＜0.05),while that of IL-10 in DEX group was significantly higher than that in control group (P＜0.05).In the control group,all results excepted for TMT on the 3nd d after operation,MMSE and DSpan-R results on the 7th d after operation,and DSpan-R results on the 90th d after operation were significantly lower than those results one d before operation (P＜0.05);in the DEX group,MMSE and DSpan-R results on the 3nd d after operation were significantly lower than those results one d before operation (P＜0.05);MMSE and DSpan-R results on the 3nd and 7th d after operation,and DSpan-R results on the 90th d after operation in the DEX group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P＜0.05);TMT on the 3nd after operation in the DEX group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P＜0.05).The incidence rate of POCD in the DEX group on the 3nd and 7th d after operation (23.5％ and 14.7％) was significantly lower than that in the control group (46.9％ and 37.5％,P＜0.05).Conclusion DEX with a loading dose of 1 iμg/kg followed by maintenance dose of 0.5 μg/ (kg· h) can reduce the early incidence of POCD in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass,but can not reduce the late incidence.

Objective To study the role of call stimulate in arousal of coma patients after severe craniocerebral injury.Methods Twenty patients with severe craniocerebral trauma coma,admitted to our hospital from June 2014 to June 2015,were randomly divided into stimulation group (n=13) and control group (n=7).In addition to the regular relatives call stimulation,other treatments in stimulation group were the same as the control group.One,2,and 4 weeks after call stimulation,Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores,blood flow velocity changes of internal carotid artery (ICA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA),and neurotransmitter contents of5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT),dopamine (DA),norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (Ach) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were detected.Results The consciousness was significantly improved in the stimulation group since the second week;at the 4th week,the GCS scores (11.85±2.58) were significantly higher than those in the control group (9.14±2.85,P＜0.05).ICA and MCA blood flow velocity of both groups reached peak level in the first week,and then,gradually decreased till the end of the observation;ICA velocity value in the stimulation group (72.85± 7.45) was lower than that in the control group (82.14±11.61).The DA,Ach and NE content in the stimulation group were significantly increased at the 4th week as compared with those in the control group (P＜0.05);but no significant difference was noted between the two groups in the content of 5-TH (P＞0.05).Conclusion The call stimulus has certain awaking effect on coma patients,whose mechanism may be related to call induced changes of cerebral blood flow velocity and related neurotransmitter release.

Parkinson's disease is one of the common chronic degenerative diseases of nervous system,whose clinical manifestations include motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms.Cardiovascular symptoms are the common non-motor symptoms of PD.Cardiovascular symptoms in PD patients are related to cardiovascular autonomic dysneuria,and so far,the researches on them are rare.Our study aims to summarize the recent advance in autonomic dysneuria in PD.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurological degenerative diseases.Neuron degeneration process is irreversible;therefore,the correct diagnosis is critical and reliable biomarkers are urgently needed.With the development of molecular biology,some nonspecific biomarker detection methods,such as metabolomics,have been used in the study ofPD.Metabonomics provides a technology and a new technical platform for testing comprehensive metabolites of PD.Metabonomics is very important for biomarker screening in PD.In this paper,the concept,research methods and research progress of metabonomics in PD are reviewed.

Lingo-1 as a dark horse is a potent negative regulator of neuron and oligodendrocyte survival,neurite extension,axon regeneration,oligodendrocyte differentiation,axonal myelination and functional recovery in central nervous system injury.The structure,distribution and biological characteristics of Lingo-1 and its role in the central nervous system injury are collected and analyzed;the role and status of Lingo-1 in the field of nerve regeneration are further clarified.The further research of Lingo-1 will broaden the treatment method and target of new drugs in the field of nerve regeneration

Assessment of consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) remains a clinical challenge.It is now mainly based on behavioral evaluation,which brings lots of misdiagnoses.Objective measures of the level of consciousness are still needed.Transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalogram (TMS-EEG) allows the stimulation of any given cortical areas and the recording of the immediate electrical cortical response.This technique has been successfully employed to measure the changes in brain complexity under physiological,pharmacological and pathological conditions.TMS-EEG might be a reliable tool to discriminate between conscious and unconscious patients at the single subject level.