Objective To investigate the relationship between platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene Arg92His(4, 275; G→A), Ile198Thr(7, 593; T→C) and Val279Phe(9, 994; G→T) mutation and cerebral artery athero-sclerosis stenosis. Methods Six hundred forty-twopatients with cerebral infarction underwent cerebral digital subtrac-tion angiography (DSA).The patients were then divided into cerebral artery atherosclerosis stenosis (CAAS) group(n=477) and control group(n=81) accroding to the site and severity of their cerebral artery stenosis. Furthermore, the CAAS group were divided into intracranial artery stenosis(ICAS) subgroup(n=251), extracranial artery stenosis(ECAS) subgroup (n=115) and extracranial-intracerebral artery stenosis(ECAS) subgroup(n=111). The distributions of genotype and allele frequencies of Arg92His,Ile198Thr and Val279Phe mutation of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene were ex-amined and comparied in different groups. Results There were significant differences in the distributions of genotype and allele of Arg92His mutation between ICAS subgroup and control group(42.6% vs. 30.3%;23.3% vs. 16.4%, P <0.05). These associations were not detected in ECAS and IECAS subgroups. There was no significant association be-tween Ile198Thr and Val279Phe and stenosis at any site(P>0.05). The distributions of genotype and allele of Arg92His, Ile198Thr and Val279Phe mutation were no significantly difference between CAAS group and control group (P >0.05). Conclusions Arg92His mutation may be associated with intracranial artery atherosclerotic stenosis.

Objective To investigate the changes of the serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase- 2 (MMP-2) and peripheral blood leukocytes content and its relationship with the severity of cerebral infarction in acute cerebral in-farction(ACI)patients at different altitudes (high, middle and low). Methods One hundred thirty-nine cases and 150 healthy controls were included in the present study. Enzyme linked immunosorbent method was used to detect MMP-2 and WBC levels. Results MMP-2 levels increased as the altitude increased in controls. The MMP-2 in a descending or-der was 1.41±0.39 in Haixi (high altitude), 1.37±0.27 in Xining (middle altitude) and 1.28±0.21 in Sichuan (low altitude) (P<0.05). The serum levels of MMP-2 were significantly increased at 7 d at different altitudes (5.75±1.19, 5.23±1.12 and 4.15 ± 0.97 in low, middle and high altitudes, respectively). The WBC were significantly increased at different alti-tudes (12.93±2.11, 12.11±1.74 and 11.15±1.68 in low, middle and high altitudes, respectively) within 48 h in severe ACI group (P<0.05). MMP-2 levels in different altitudes were positively associated with the infarction size and the degree of neurological deficit, while were negatively correlated with the prognosis. The WBC in large infarction group were positive-ly correlated with the infarct size. Conclusions The levels of MMP-2 and WBC in different altitudes may be helpful in determining the ACI lesion size and the severity of the illness as well as estimating the prognosis.

Objective To explore the gray matter changes in aggressive patients with schizophrenia,and the relationship between the gray matter and aggression in patients.Methods Eighteen aggressive patients with schizophrenia (SZ1),18 age-and gender-matched un-aggressive patients with schizophrenia (SZ2) and 18 normal controls (NC) were enrolled in the study.Then a 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was conducted for each participant.The voxel-based morphometry (VBM) approach and the Chinese version of Buss & Perry aggression questionnaire (B&P) were used to explore imaging data and to assess the aggression,respectively.Results Compared with NC,patients with schizophrenia showed changes in gray matter volume (GMV) in the frontal,temporal and the occipital lobes (P＜0.05,AlphaSim corrected).Compared with SZ2,SZ1 showed increased GMV in the right supramarginal gyrus,right postcentral gyms,bilateral insula and orbito-frontal gyri (P＜0.05,AlphaSim corrected).The GMV of the right insula,right postcentral gyms and right supramarginal grus were positively associated with B&P scores in patients with schizophrenia (P＜0.01,AlphaSim corrected),respectively.Conclusions These preliminary findings support that the aggression in schizophrenia is associated with GMV changes of brain regions in patients with schizophrenia.The right postcentral gyrus,the right insula and the right supramarginal gyrus may be involved in the neural mechanism of aggression in schizophrenia.

Objective This study aims to investigate the effect of rehabilitation skills training on suicide and relapse prevention of patients with depression.Methods Eighty patients were randomly divided into two groups.One group accepted depression rehabilitation skills training and the other group accepted general health education for 4 weeks.Both groups were followed up by 12 months,and the number of relapse and suicide and the score of Health-related quality of life made by Word Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF) were recorded.Results The rate of relapse (10.0％ vs.42.5％) and hospitalization (5.0％ vs.20.0％) were lower in skills training group than in control group (P＜0.05).Rate of seeking help of suicide was higher in skills training group than in control group (25.5％ vs.7.5％) (P＜0.05).The suicide mortality was insignificantly different between two groups (0.0％ vs.2.5％) (P＞0.05).The scores of WHOQOL-BREF were significantly higher in skills training group than in control group in follow-up (P＜0.05).Conclusions Rehabilitation skills training program can not only reduce the rate of relapse and suicide but also improve the quality of life of patients with depression.

Objective To explore the efficacy,safety and short-term effects of endovascular therapy in the treatment of the symptomatic high-grade basilar artery stenosis.Methods Two hundred thirteen patients with the symptomatic high-grade basilar artery stenosis (＞90％) confirmed by MRA,CTA or DSA was treated by endovascular intervention,the changes of clinical symptoms,the success rate and short-term follow-up results was analyzed.Results Endovascular stent was successfully placed in 209 patients with symptomatic high-grade basilar artery stenosis and the success rate was 98.12％.The degree of vascular stenosis was significantly reduced after stenosis (Before vs After:93.70％±2.51％ vs 11.60％±3.90％).Eight patients had complications (3.76％) including 7 cases of ischemic stroke and 1 case of subarachnoid hemorrhage.The average follow-up duration was 18.70±3.80 months.Two hundred two patients underwent a second DSA and the mean vascular stenosis was (13.80％±4.20％).Five patients developed in-stent restenosis (ISR),of which one was symptomatic.Conclusion Endovascular therapy of the symptomatic high-grade basilar artery stenosis is safety and efficacy.The 1.5 years follow-up results reveal good patency rate and excellent prevention of posterior circulation ischemia.

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of endovascular therapy in the treatment of symptomatic M1 stenosis of middle cerebral artery as well as the causes of perioperative complications.Methods Two hundred fifty-six patients with symptomatic M1 stenosis of middle cerebral artery (＞90％) confirmed by TCD,cerebral CT angiography and DSA was treated by endovascular intervention.The success rate,the changes of stenosis,longterm vascular patency rate,in-stent restenosis rate were analyzed.Results endovascular stent was successfully placed in 251 patients with the M1 part of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis and the successful rate was 98.05％.Fifteen patients had complications (5.86％) which caused neurology deficits and deaths.The degree of vascular stenosis was significantly reduced after stenosis (Before vs After:92.26％±2.11％ vs 15.40％±2.60％).The mean mRS and NIHSS scores was decreased significantly.The average follow-up duration was (21.70±0.80) months,249 patients underwent a second DSA and the mean stenosis was (21.70％±0.80％).Twenty-three patients developed instent restenosis (ISR) and ISR rate was 9.24％.Recurrence ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks occurred in 5 patients and recurrence rate was 2.01％.Conclusion Endovascular therapy of symptomatic M1 stenosis of middle cerebral artery is safety and efficacy with low complications.The follow-up results reveal good patency rate and excellent prevention of anterior circulation ischemia.

Objective To investigate effects of three kinds of neutral,happy,sad emotional faces stimulus on sustained attention task using N170 in depression patients to analysis the correlation of depression in patients with depression,anxiety severity and the amplitude and latency of N170.Methods Twenty-eight patients with depression aged from 22 to 69 years (case group),and 31 healthy controls (control group) aged from 20 to 61 years were recruited for the study.Subjects were asked to perform tasks in the selection of attention following randomly presented three kinds of happy,neutral and sad emotional faces stimuli.Brain auditory evoked potential including N170 amplitude and latency were recorded during the tasks.HAMD and HAMA were used to assess the severity of depression and anxiety.Results There was significant difference between case group and control group in N170 latency by three kinds of happy,neutral and sad emotional faces stimulation in the local skull (T5,T6,O1,O2) (P＜0.05).But the difference was not significant in N170 amplitude (P＞0.05).The total score of HAMD in case group had a positive correlation with N170 amplitude by neutral facial emotion stimulation in part of T5 (r=0.443,P=0.018).Conclusion There is significant change in the initial cognitive processing of different emotional faces in the patients with depression.And the severity of depression is related to the N170 amplitude induced by the neutral emotional faces stimulation in some parts of brain.

Objective In order to evaluate that whether Pluronic P85 coated poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparti-cles was able to deliver antiepileptic drug phenytoin into the brain va bypassing mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE)-induced Pgp in a rat model of MTLE. Methods The rat model of MTLE, induced by li-pilocarpine, was divided in-to two groups (6 for nanoparticle drug group and 7 for PHT drug group). Immunohistochemistry assay was performed to detect Pgp expression at the hippocampus. Nanoparticles were prepared by interfacial polymerization method. Dialysate samples of brain were collected at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min after drug administration by microdialysis tech-nology. Samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results The area under the curve (AUC) ratio of brain/plasma in Nanoparticle drug group was 0.370.10 which was significantly higher compared with 0.190.06 in conventional PHT drug group (P<0.05). The Pgp immunopositive area, as assessed by analysis of labeled surface area, was higher in the DG, CA3 and CA1 sector in the hippocampus of MTLE rats when compared to the normal rats. Conclusions Pluronic P85 coated PBCA nanoparticles can significantly deliver PHT into brain via bypassing MTLE-induced Pgp in a rat model of MTLE.

Objective To examine the effectiveness and safty of intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin on epileptogenesis in a rat model of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling epilepsy. Method The Sprague Dawley rats at 6-8 weeks old were randomly divided into group PTZ+RAPA and group PTZ+NS. The body weight, mortality and seizures were recorded at 1, 4 and 6 weeks after treatment. Mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampal CA3 area and DG area was examined by Tim staining. Results 1.The rats mortality was 22.9% in PTZ+RAPA and 10.4% in PTZ+NS. Weight alteration was statistically significant between PTZ+RAPA and PTZ+NS at the corresponding time points (P< 0.001); 3. The kindling rate was 66.7% in PTZ+RAPA and 58.3% in PTZ+NS at 6 weeks and the difference was statistical significant between these two groups (P>0.05). There was no statistical significance in the seizure scores be-tween PTZ+RAPA and PTZ+NS (P> 0.05). 4.The scores of mossy fiber sprouting in hippocampal CA3 and DG areas was higher in PTZ+NS than in PTZ+RAPA (P<0.05). Conclusion Rapamycin cannot reduce or curb epileptic seizures in young rats. It can obviously reduce the weight of the young SD rats which may be associated with its side effects.

Objective To investigate the effect of leptin on endoplasmic reticulum stress related protein after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods Ischemia was induced by occluding the middle cerebral artery in rats brain using the filament occlusion method. Forty SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, cerebral is-chemia group and leptin-preconditioning group. Leptin was injected subcutaneously before occlusion of blood vessel. Longa 5 score neurological function scale, body weight and brain edema changes were measured 6 hours after MCAO, and the brain was removed to detect the endoplasmic reticulum marker protein: glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) by immunohistochemical method. Results There was no difference in the body weight changes between leptin-preconditioning group and ischemic group. In the leptin-preconditioning group, the neurological function score (1.90±0.31 vs. 2.50±0.52, P<0.05) and the degree of brain edema (3.60±0.52 vs. 7.70±0.94, P<0.001) were significantly lower than those in the cerebral ischemia group. Moreover, the expression of GRP78 in leptin-preconditioning group was significantly higher than that in ischemia group (48.69 ±5.06 vs. 35.78± 4.35, P<0.01), and the expression of CHOP was significantly lower than that of ischemia group (60.24 ±4.11 vs. 38.81±5.34, P<0.01). Conclusion Leptin can reduce the neurological deficit and may be associated with the up-reg-ulation of GRP78 protein, and down regulation of CHOP protein to weaken the endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by cerebral ischemia